Facts
Accessibility and health: facts and numbers
508 facts, each traced to the exact words of its source.
- 32 patientsA 1993 randomised trial of 32 people with carpal tunnel syndrome found no difference between pyridoxine and placebo in nerve tests, clinical signs or significant symptoms.GR Spooner et al., Canadian Family Physician, 1993
- A 2003 Cochrane review concluded that oral steroids, splinting, ultrasound, yoga and carpal bone mobilisation gave significant short-term benefit, while other non-surgical treatments did not.D O'Connor et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2003
- A 2003 review in the Journal of Voice describes vocal fatigue as a complex, multifaceted clinical phenomenon with several competing hypotheses about its mechanism.Welham NV and Maclagan MA, Journal of Voice, 2003
- A 2004 review concluded that vitamin B6 supplementation appears reasonable for people with carpal tunnel syndrome, that some patients improve symptomatically, and that the risk of toxicity is low at recommended doses.E. Aufiero et al., Nutrition Reviews, 2004
- A 2004 review describes the idea that idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome is a sign of vitamin B6 deficiency as a hypothesis, not as an established cause.E. Aufiero et al., Nutrition Reviews, 2004
- A 2004 review of vitamin B6 sold without prescription warns that mega-doses of the vitamin may result in intoxication.N. Barak et al., Harefuah, 2004
- 26 studiesA 2005 meta-analysis of working memory in children with ADHD pooled 26 empirical studies published from 1997 to 2003.Ron Martinussen et al., Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005
- 100 milligrams per dayA 2007 clinical review reports that the upper limit for daily vitamin B6 has been set at 100 mg a day.Milly Ryan-Harshman and Walid Aldoori, Canadian Family Physician, 2007
- A 2007 clinical review says the effectiveness of vitamin B6 for carpal tunnel syndrome is controversial, although many people use it as a conservative and adjunct therapy.Milly Ryan-Harshman and Walid Aldoori, Canadian Family Physician, 2007
- 16 studiesA 2012 Cochrane review of 16 studies found limited and very low quality evidence that exercise and mobilisation help carpal tunnel syndrome.MJ Page et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012
- A 2016 meta-analysis of 23 studies found that rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis were both associated with carpal tunnel syndrome.R. Shiri, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2016
- 21 studiesA 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis of language in children with ADHD included 21 studies, with 1,209 children with ADHD and 1,101 controls.Hanna Korrel et al., Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2017
- A 2018 review defines dyslexia as a difficulty with word-level reading and spelling skills, which it says are in turn caused by phonological deficits.Suzanne M. Adlof, Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools (ASHA), 2018
- A 2018 review says there is abundant evidence that children with dyslexia, on average, perform poorly on phonological tasks, including phoneme awareness, word and nonword repetition, and word retrieval.Suzanne M. Adlof, Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools (ASHA), 2018
- A 2018 systematic review concluded that there is limited evidence for the accuracy of physical examination tests for diagnosing cervical radiculopathy, a pinched nerve in the neck.Erik J. Thoomes et al., The Spine Journal, 2018
- 21 touch typistsA 2019 laboratory study compared 21 touch typists with 20 non-touch typists during a 240-minute continuous typing task.Thai Journal of Ergonomics, 2019
- 29.38 percent word error rateA 2019 speech recognition system for children aged 6 to 9 with autism or language impairment reached a word error rate of 29.38 percent in its best configuration.Robert Gale et al., Interspeech 2019, ISCA Archive, 2019
- A 2020 clinical review says dysgraphia was historically defined as an impairment in producing written text, usually from poor muscle coordination, and that oral spelling was usually preserved.Peter J Chung and Dilip R Patel, Translational Pediatrics, 2020
- A 2022 meta-analysis describes developmental dyslexia as a specific learning disorder concerning reading acquisition, which can have a lifelong negative impact on individuals.Liping Yang et al., Brain Sciences (MDPI), 2022
- 7.1 percent of primary school childrenA 2022 meta-analysis put the pooled worldwide prevalence of developmental dyslexia among primary school children at 7.10 percent, with a higher rate in boys (9.22 percent) than in girls (4.66 percent).Liping Yang et al., Brain Sciences (MDPI), 2022
- 18 studiesA 2022 rapid systematic review of ADHD and high-order writing identified 18 eligible empirical studies published over the previous two decades.Stanley Cheng et al., Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2022
- A 2022 scoping review found that speech-to-text may help secondary pupils with learning difficulties produce texts with fewer errors, help with spelling and improve reading comprehension and word recognition, but that high-quality research is scarce.Marianne Engen Matre and David Lansing Cameron, Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 2022
- 8 peer-reviewed studiesA 2022 scoping review of speech-to-text for secondary pupils with learning difficulties found only eight peer-reviewed studies and five grey-literature publications that met its criteria, covering January 2000 to April 2022.Marianne Engen Matre and David Lansing Cameron, Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 2022
- A 2023 Cochrane review found that splinting may give little or no symptom benefit in the first three months.TV Karjalainen et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- A 2023 meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials found that kinesio taping was not significantly superior to other physical therapy or untreated control for symptom severity in the short term, with moderate-certainty evidence.A. Tomás-Escolar et al., Physiotherapy Research International, 2023
- 6 to 12 months of follow-upA 2024 Cochrane review found that surgery probably gives a higher rate of clinical improvement than splinting after a follow-up of 6 to 12 months.V Lusa et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2024
- A 2024 narrative review says the clinical picture of carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy is mainly shaped by hormonal changes, posture, weight gain and fluid retention.Maria-Cristina Cîmpeanu et al., Journal of Personalized Medicine, 2024
- A 2024 randomized field experiment at a school for the deaf found that augmented reality captioning could improve learning performance.Jiayuan Zhang et al., ICIS 2024 Proceedings, paper 2595, 2024
- A 2024 study of eleven common speech recognition services on university lecture recordings found accuracy varied widely between vendors and between individual recordings.Korbinian Kuhn et al., arXiv (preprint), 2024
- A 2025 study concluded that cluttering is present in both the inattentive and combined types of ADHD in children and adolescents.Saniye Tülin Fidan and Mehmet Niyazi Sarıyer, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2025
- 4,200 US dollars (uninsured national median, 2026 estimate)A 2026 cost guide puts the typical cash price of carpal tunnel surgery for uninsured patients between $1,800 and $9,000, with a national median around $4,200.CoveredUSA, 2026
- 5 percent word error rateA 2026 study notes that automatic speech recognition reaches word error rates below 5 percent on typical speech, but performance degrades sharply for dysarthric speakers.Ali Alsayegh and Tariq Masood, International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2026
- A 2026 systematic review of carpal tunnel treatment during pregnancy and lactation found that evidence for kinesio taping was limited and inconsistent.Om Kumari et al., Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2026
- 23.7 percent word error rate (from 36.3)A baseline speech recognizer with a 3.4 percent word error rate on typical speakers had a 36.3 percent word error rate on speech from people with Parkinson's disease; fine-tuning on Speech Accessibility Project data reduced it to 23.7 percent.Mark Hasegawa-Johnson et al., Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 2024
- A candidate must have had appropriate opportunities to practise with an access arrangement before the first examination, and the guidance names speech recognition technology specifically.NCFE, awarding organisation, 2024
- A catching, popping or locking sensation with finger or thumb movement is a typical symptom of trigger finger.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo, n.d.
- 16 susceptibility lociA genome-wide study of 12,312 people with carpal tunnel syndrome and 389,344 controls found 16 genetic regions linked to the condition.Akira Wiberg and et al., Nature Communications, 2019
- A student who cannot test with dictation may only rarely be approved for a human scribe on digital SAT tests.College Board, n.d.
- 5 to 7 months after surgeryA systematic review found that grip and pinch strength did not show marked recovery until 5 to 7 months after carpal tunnel release.MG Sobeeh and AB Schmid, University of Oxford research repository (journal article), n.d.
- A systematic review of eight epidemiological studies concluded that there is insufficient evidence that computer work causes carpal tunnel syndrome.Jane Frolund Thomsen et al., BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2008
- 199 studiesA systematic review of nerve recovery after carpal tunnel release pooled 199 studies with 15,636 patients.MG Sobeeh and AB Schmid, University of Oxford research repository (journal article), n.d.
- 0.46 heritabilityA twin study of women estimated the heritability of carpal tunnel syndrome at 0.46.AJ Hakim et al., Arthritis & Rheumatism, 2002
- A UK awarding organisation requires centres to notify it in advance when a candidate uses a scribe or speech recognition technology in an external assessment.NCFE, awarding organisation, 2024
- A UK clinical reference for general practitioners says that umbrella terms such as repetitive strain injury and cumulative trauma disorder are unhelpful and contentious, because they are ambiguous in what they cover.GP Notebook, a clinical reference site for UK general practitioners, 2025
- 5 secondsA University of Toronto report on AR captioning says the lag for captions should never exceed 5 seconds, and that 80 percent of captions should appear within 3 seconds.Salaar Liaqat, University of Toronto, course project report, n.d.
- 8515 diagnostic codeA VA Board of Veterans Appeals decision cites Diagnostic Code 8515 of 38 CFR 4.124a for the rating of carpal tunnel syndrome in the right and left upper extremities.Board of Veterans' Appeals, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2018
- 15 percentAbout 15 percent of American adults, or 37.5 million people aged 18 and over, report some trouble hearing.National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, n.d.
- Acas says an employer must consider whether an adjustment is practical to make, is affordable, and could harm the health and safety of others.Acas, Acas, n.d.
- £69,260 per year (cap per grant)Access to Work grants are capped per year, and the DWP factsheet gives a cap of £69,260 a year for grants awarded or reviewed between 1 April 2026 and 31 March 2027.Department for Work and Pensions, 2026
- 1 in 31 children aged 8According to the CDC's ADDM Network, about 1 in 31 children aged 8 (3.2 percent) has been identified with autism spectrum disorder.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2025
- 15 employeesAccording to the EEOC, the ADA covers employers with 15 or more employees, including state and local governments, and a covered employer must make a reasonable accommodation for the known disability of a qualified applicant or employee unless it would impose an undue hardship.U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 1997
- 3 times as likely as menAccording to the U.S. Office on Women's Health, women are three times more likely than men to have carpal tunnel syndrome, and research on why is limited.Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2026
- 1.23 weighted mean effect sizeAcross the studies, children with ADHD scored well below controls on expressive language, with a weighted mean effect size of 1.23.Hanna Korrel et al., Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2017
- ACT's list of allowable accommodations includes speech-to-text software, which applies only if the student is registered for the writing test, unless the student uses dictation for the full test, and is given in an individual room.ACT, Inc., ACT, Inc., 2026
- ADA.gov defines a person with a disability as someone who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, has a history or record of such an impairment, or is perceived by others as having one.U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division (ADA.gov), n.d.
- After a Disabled Students' Allowance needs assessment, the assessment provider arranges any assistive technology training the student needs.GOV.UK, 2026
- 1.35 odds ratioAfter adjustment for body mass index, the odds ratio for carpal tunnel syndrome with hypothyroidism fell to 1.35.Akira Wiberg and et al., Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, 2022
- 2.8 odds ratioAfter adjustment for sociodemographic factors and other conditions, children with ADHD had 2.8 times the odds of language problems compared with controls.Emma Sciberras et al., Pediatrics, 2014
- 2 to 3 weeks after surgeryAfter open carpal tunnel release, the group's average typing speed rose above its pre-surgery level between weeks 2 and 3.Justin W Zumsteg et al., The Journal of Hand Surgery, 2016
- 6 to 8 weeks weeks before return to workAfter open surgery on the dominant hand, a person whose work involves repeated actions such as typing may return to work in 6 to 8 weeks, according to Kaiser Permanente.Kaiser Permanente, n.d.
- 20 percentAfter the Part B deductible, a Medicare patient generally pays 20% of the Medicare-approved amount for a surgeon's services and outpatient surgery.Medicare.gov (U.S. government), n.d.
- 5.5 percentAmong US adults aged 18 to 39, 5.5 percent reported trouble hearing in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey.National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIDCD news release, 2015
- 19.0 percentAmong US adults aged 40 to 69, 19.0 percent reported trouble hearing in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey.National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIDCD news release, 2015
- 43.2 percentAmong US adults aged 70 and older, 43.2 percent reported trouble hearing in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey.National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIDCD news release, 2015
- 37 percentAmong working adults with distal arm pain, 37 percent of those advised to rest were free from disability.Walker-Bone K et al., Occupational Medicine, 2023
- 43 percentAmong working adults with distal arm pain, 43 percent of those advised to remain active were free from disability.Walker-Bone K et al., Occupational Medicine, 2023
- 17.9 million adultsAn estimated 17.9 million U.S. adults, 7.6% of those aged 18 or older, report having had a problem with their voice in the past 12 months.National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), NIH, 2025
- Another study in the 2023 splinting review found that full-time splinting may not improve outcomes compared with night-time splinting.TV Karjalainen et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- 11 minimum iPhone modelApple says Live Captions is available on iPhone 11 or later, is not available in all languages or regions, and that its accuracy may vary, so it should not be relied on in high-risk or emergency situations.Apple Support (iPhone User Guide), 2026
- Apple says Live Captions on Mac is available only on Mac computers with Apple silicon, and not in all languages, countries or regions.Apple Inc., Apple Support, n.d.
- Apple says Live Captions on Mac processes audio on the device.Apple Inc., Apple Support, n.d.
- Apple says that with Live Captions on a Mac you can switch between captioning the computer's audio and the microphone, for example during an in-person conversation.Apple Inc., Apple Support, n.d.
- Apple says the accuracy of Live Captions on Mac may vary and should not be relied on in high-risk or emergency situations.Apple Inc., Apple Support, n.d.
- Apple's Listen for Atypical Speech, announced in May 2024, uses on-device machine learning to recognize a user's speech patterns and is designed, with Vocal Shortcuts, for people with acquired or progressive conditions that affect speech, such as cerebral palsy, ALS or stroke.Apple Newsroom, 2024
- Apple's Mac documentation says the Listen for atypical speech option is available only in U.S. English.Apple, Apple Mac User Guide, n.d.
- Apple's Mac guide suggests Vocal Shortcuts for people with moderate to severe atypical speech, because they can teach the Mac an action for a word or sound of their choosing.Apple, Apple Mac User Guide, n.d.
- Apple's VoiceOver Utility lets you choose what VoiceOver says while you type: characters, words, both, or nothing.Apple Support, n.d.
- 89 percentAs many as 89 percent of people with Parkinson's disease develop speech disorders.Lorraine Ramig et al., Movement Disorders, 2018
- 5 million AmericansASHA cites a 2020 estimate by Beukelman and Light that about 5 million Americans may benefit from augmentative and alternative communication.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, ASHA Practice Portal, n.d.
- ASHA says AAC is augmentative when it supplements existing speech, and alternative when it is used in place of speech that is absent or not functional.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, ASHA Practice Portal, n.d.
- ASHA says anyone with hearing loss of sufficient degree that compromises successful use of a conventional telephone may be eligible for captioned phone service.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), n.d.
- Interstate TRS Fund fundASHA says the FCC has ruled that IP CTS calls are an approved form of TRS that may be compensated from the Interstate TRS Fund.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), n.d.
- ASHA's description says IP captioned telephone service can also be used as an app with a smartphone.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), n.d.
- ASHA's guidance says a rulemaking by the FCC was underway to determine the eligibility standards for IP CTS.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), n.d.
- AskJAN lists DictationBridge 1.0 as the dictation solution for screen reader users, created by and for the community.Job Accommodation Network, AskJAN.org, n.d.
- 53.5 words per minute at 12 weeksAt 12 weeks after open carpal tunnel release, the group's average typing speed reached 53.5 words per minute.Justin W Zumsteg et al., The Journal of Hand Surgery, 2016
- 6.5 minutesAt 153 words per minute, the English speech rate measured on an iPhone, 1,000 words take about 6.5 minutes to enter by speech.Calculated from other facts
- 90 percentAt 18 months, 90% of surgery patients and 75% of splint patients reported success in the Dutch trial.AAM Gerritsen et al., JAMA, 2002
- 19.2 minutesAt 52 words per minute, the English keyboard speed measured on an iPhone, 1,000 words take about 19.2 minutes to type.Calculated from other facts
- At its broadest, a 2020 clinical review says dysgraphia covers problems with letter formation, letter spacing, spelling, fine motor coordination, rate of writing, grammar and composition.Peter J Chung and Dilip R Patel, Translational Pediatrics, 2020
- 9.1 percentAverage typing speed fell by about 9.1 percent in the 8 to 10 days after open carpal tunnel release, measured from the group's pre-surgery average.Calculated from other facts
- Before formal research, users of speech recognition software reported voice problems ranging from a dry throat to being unable to speak for more than half an hour a day.Christel de Bruijn and Sandra Whiteside, Proceedings of Interspeech 2007 (ISCA), 2007
- 49.7 words per minuteBefore open carpal tunnel release, the 27 patients in a 2016 study typed at an average of 49.7 words per minute on a short online test.Justin W Zumsteg et al., The Journal of Hand Surgery, 2016
- 41 percentBy 18 months, 41% of the splint group in the Dutch trial had also had surgery.AAM Gerritsen et al., JAMA, 2002
- 1 million utterancesBy August 2021, Google's Project Euphonia corpus of disordered speech held over 1 million utterances, more than 1,400 hours, from 1,330 speakers.Google Research Blog, 2021
- 2,000 participantsBy the end of September 2025, about 2,000 people had submitted recordings to the University of Illinois Speech Accessibility Project, and Microsoft reported 18 to 60 percent accuracy gains from using the data.Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2025
- Carpal tunnel numbness and pain are mainly felt in the thumb, index, middle and ring fingers, and often wake people at night.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo (AAOS), n.d.
- up to a third of peopleCarpal tunnel symptoms can improve without treatment in up to a third of people, according to the 2023 Cochrane steroid review.NL Ashworth et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- Carpal tunnel syndrome can be caused by the deposition of misfolded amyloid proteins, and it is often an early sign of systemic amyloidosis.JP Donnelly et al., The Journal of Hand Surgery (American Volume), 2019
- 5 to 10 years before cardiac amyloidosisCarpal tunnel syndrome can develop five to ten years before cardiac amyloidosis, which is why it can serve as an early indicator of the heart condition.Ryan P Boyle, Cureus, 2021
- Carpal tunnel syndrome is excessive pressure on the median nerve at the wrist, the nerve that gives feeling and movement to parts of the hand.MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2025
- Carpal tunnel syndrome is rare in childhood and most often occurs because of a secondary cause, that is, an underlying condition.CT Rüsch et al., Children (Basel), 2021
- CCOHS advises that when you rest on a wrist rest, the pad should contact the heel or palm of the hand, not the wrist.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), n.d.
- CCOHS advises that your hands should move freely and be lifted above the wrist or palm rest while you type.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), n.d.
- CCOHS defines the neutral keyboard position as one in which the wrist is aligned straight with the forearm.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), n.d.
- CCOHS recommends that users try different keyboard models and see which one suits their needs.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), n.d.
- CCOHS says evidence shows that wrist rests alleviate tension in the neck and shoulders, and adds that both views on wrist rests can be challenged.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), n.d.
- CCOHS says that leaning the wrists on a wrist rest or the edge of the desk for long periods can put a lot of pressure on the carpal tunnel area, and that this pressure may contribute to carpal tunnel syndrome.Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), n.d.
- Colorado school assessment coordinators must submit speech-to-text documents to the state charter school institute by December 6 for school-level program approval.Colorado Department of Education state assessment security agreement (hosted by the Colorado Charter School Institute), 2025
- Colorado schools using speech-to-text on state tests must disclose the name of the application, technology or program that students will use.Colorado Department of Education state assessment security agreement (hosted by the Colorado Charter School Institute), 2025
- 3.3 adjusted odds ratioCombining forceful handgrip work with vibrating tools gave an adjusted odds ratio of 3.3 for carpal tunnel syndrome.R Shiri et al., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2009
- Compared with no active treatment, splinting may provide little or no benefit in symptoms in the short term.Karjalainen TV et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- Congress found in 2008 that the Supreme Court's 2002 Toyota decision read the ADA's definition of disability to require a greater degree of limitation than Congress intended.United States Congress, Congress.gov (Government Publishing Office text), 2008
- Cubital tunnel syndrome is compression or irritation of the ulnar nerve in a tunnel on the inside of the elbow.NHS Borders, Right Decisions reference help toolkit, n.d.
- 30% to 47% of children with writing problems who also have reading problemsDepending on the definitions used, 30 to 47 percent of children with writing problems also have reading problems, according to a 2020 clinical review.Peter J Chung and Dilip R Patel, Translational Pediatrics, 2020
- 2 in 5 adults aged 65+Disability is more common with age: approximately 2 in 5 US adults aged 65 and older have a disability, according to the CDC report.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2025
- Disabled Students' Allowance can help with the cost of specialist equipment, for example a computer if the student needs one because of their disability.GOV.UK, 2026
- Disabled Students' Allowance depends on a student's individual needs, not household income, and does not have to be paid back.GOV.UK, 2026
- Disabled Students' Allowance will not reimburse equipment bought before the needs assessment.GOV.UK, 2026
- 53.2 million adultsDuring 2019 to 2021, 21.2% of U.S. adults, about 53.2 million people, reported having been diagnosed with arthritis.Elizabeth A. Fallon et al., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2023
- 105 mm HgDuring surgery on patients with cubital tunnel syndrome, the average pressure 1 cm into the tunnel was 105 mm Hg with the elbow flexed.K Iba et al., Journal of Hand Surgery (American), 2006
- 45.2 words per minute, 8 to 10 days after surgeryEight to ten days after open carpal tunnel release, average typing speed fell to 45.2 words per minute, a drop the authors call statistically significant.Justin W Zumsteg et al., The Journal of Hand Surgery, 2016
- 5 studiesFive studies compared speech-to-text with handwriting for students with a specific disability, and in general they found longer text with fewer mechanical errors when speech-to-text was used.National Center on Educational Outcomes, National Center on Educational Outcomes (NCEO), University of Minnesota, Accommodations Toolkit, 2023
- 482.64 US dollars (national estimate, before local adjustment)For 2026, the national Medicare payment for the surgeon's fee for carpal tunnel release (CPT 64721) is estimated at $482.64, before local adjustment.FastRVU, 2026
- 70 percent (major arm, complete paralysis)For complete median nerve paralysis with the signs the schedule lists, the VA rating is 70 percent for the major arm and 60 percent for the minor arm.U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, n.d.
- Gaines and Vertanen identified three main themes in interviews with blind adults, two of which were difficulty entering text in noisy environments and difficulty correcting errors.Dylan Gaines and Keith Vertanen, PETRA 2025, Pervasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, 2025
- 12 blind adultsGaines and Vertanen interviewed 12 blind adults about their experience of entering text on mobile devices.Dylan Gaines and Keith Vertanen, PETRA 2025, Pervasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, 2025
- 2.2 billion peopleGlobally, at least 2.2 billion people have a near or distance vision impairment, and in at least 1 billion of these cases it could have been prevented or has not yet been addressed.World Health Organization, 2026
- 25 percent of people with ALSGoogle reports that about 25 percent of people with ALS first notice slurred speech as their first symptom.Google Research, Google Research blog, 2019
- 13 percent median word error rateGoogle reports that personalized models cut the median word error rate on severely impaired speech from about 89 percent to 13 percent for short home-automation phrases.Google Research Blog, 2021
- 1 million speech samplesGoogle says its Project Relate app is built on research that used over a million speech samples recorded by participants.Julie Cattiau, Google blog, 2021
- Google says Live Caption, launched with the Pixel 4, captions videos and spoken audio on the device with one tap, except phone and video calls.Google, Google, The Keyword blog, 2019
- Google states that automatic speech recognition systems are most often trained on typical speech, so people with speech impairments or heavy accents do not get the same benefit.Google Research, Google Research blog, 2019
- 430 speakersGoogle trained personalized recognizers for about 430 speakers with speech impairments, each of whom had recorded at least 300 utterances.Google Research Blog, 2021
- GOV.UK says Access to Work will not pay for reasonable adjustments.Department for Work and Pensions, GOV.UK, 2025
- GOV.UK says an Access to Work applicant must be 16 or over and in paid work, or about to start or return to paid work in the next 12 weeks.GOV.UK (Department for Work and Pensions), n.d.
- GOV.UK says an Access to Work grant can help pay for specialist equipment and assistive software, among other support, and that the grant does not affect other benefits and does not have to be paid back.GOV.UK (Department for Work and Pensions), n.d.
- GOV.UK says an applicant must live and work in England, Scotland or Wales for Access to Work, and that Northern Ireland has a different system.GOV.UK (Department for Work and Pensions), n.d.
- GOV.UK says Disabled Students' Allowance can help with the costs of specialist equipment, for example a computer, if a student needs one because of a disability.GOV.UK, 2026
- GOV.UK says employers must make reasonable adjustments so that workers with disabilities or physical or mental health conditions are not substantially disadvantaged in their jobs, and gives changing equipment, such as a special keyboard for someone with arthritis, as an example.GOV.UK, n.d.
- GOV.UK says one eligibility condition for Access to Work is having a physical or mental health condition or disability that means you need support to do your job or get to and from work.GOV.UK (Department for Work and Pensions), n.d.
- GOV.UK says PIP can help with extra living costs if you have a long-term physical or mental health condition or disability and difficulty doing certain everyday tasks or getting around because of your condition.Department for Work and Pensions, GOV.UK, n.d.
- GOV.UK says that after a Disabled Students' Allowance assessment, the supplier discusses your equipment and arranges any assistive technology training you need.GOV.UK, 2026
- GOV.UK says that you or your employer may need to pay some costs up front for Access to Work support and claim them back later.GOV.UK (Department for Work and Pensions), n.d.
- GOV.UK says that your workplace can include your home if you work from there some or all of the time, for Access to Work purposes.GOV.UK (Department for Work and Pensions), n.d.
- £27,783 per year (maximum)GOV.UK says undergraduate and postgraduate students can get up to 27,783 pounds per year in Disabled Students' Allowance.GOV.UK, 2026
- 12 monthsGOV.UK says you are disabled under the Equality Act 2010 if you have a physical or mental impairment with a substantial and long-term negative effect on your ability to do normal daily activities, where long-term means 12 months or more.GOV.UK, n.d.
- GOV.UK says you can get Personal Independence Payment if you are working or have savings.Department for Work and Pensions, GOV.UK, n.d.
- GOV.UK's employer factsheet says Access to Work support can be provided where someone needs support or adaptations beyond reasonable adjustments.Department for Work and Pensions, GOV.UK, 2025
- 1.7 adjusted odds ratioHandgrip with high forces at work was associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.7.R Shiri et al., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2009
- HSE lists carrying out a task for a long time without suitable rest breaks as a risk factor for upper limb disorders.Health and Safety Executive (Great Britain), 2026
- HSE says that if a task is causing or contributing to an upper limb disorder, the worker may need to stop doing that task for a while.Health and Safety Executive (Great Britain), 2026
- HSE says workers may be more likely to suffer upper limb problems if their work has more than one risk factor.Health and Safety Executive (Great Britain), 2026
- If a student needs an accommodation that is not on ACT's list, the school official requests it through TAA, and ACT considers the request individually.ACT, Inc., ACT, Inc., 2026
- If carpal tunnel syndrome is left untreated for too long, it can lead to permanent dysfunction of the hand, including loss of finger sensation and weakness.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo (AAOS), n.d.
- If you do not use health insurance, providers generally must give you a good faith estimate of what your care will cost, usually when you book it or when you ask.Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, n.d.
- 11 percent of postbaccalaureate studentsIn 2019-20, about 11 percent of US postbaccalaureate students reported having a disability.National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), US Department of Education, n.d.
- 21 percent of undergraduatesIn 2019-20, about 21 percent of US undergraduates reported having a disability.National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), US Department of Education, n.d.
- 32 millimeters of mercuryIn a 1981 study of 15 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, the mean pressure inside the carpal canal was 32 millimeters of mercury with the wrist in neutral position.Richard H. Gelberman et al., Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American volume), 1981
- In a 1995 study of 29 university students with learning disabilities, essays written with a speech recognition system received significantly higher holistic scores than essays written without assistance.Eleanor L. Higgins and Marshall H. Raskind, Learning Disability Quarterly (ERIC record EJ516141), 1995
- In a 1999 study of 20 elementary and secondary students with learning disabilities, those who used speech recognition software improved significantly more than a control group in word recognition, spelling and reading comprehension.Marshall H. Raskind and Eleanor L. Higgins, Annals of Dyslexia (ERIC record EJ601354), 1999
- 68 percent sensitivityIn a 2004 systematic review of 60 studies, Phalen's test had an overall sensitivity of 68 percent and a specificity of 73 percent.JC MacDermid and J Wessel, Journal of Hand Therapy, 2004
- 47 percent sensitivityIn a 2008 study of 232 patients with carpal tunnel symptoms, Phalen's test had a sensitivity of 47 percent for carpal tunnel syndrome, against 92 percent for tenosynovitis.Yasser El Miedany et al., Joint Bone Spine, 2008
- 61 percentIn a 2009 study of 108 hand-clinic patients, 61 percent had carpal tunnel syndrome and trigger finger together when first seen.Stephen A Rottgers and Davis Lewis, Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury, 2009
- 105 of 148 keyboard operatorsIn a 2011 case series of 148 computer keyboard operators referred for nerve testing between 1995 and 1999, 105 had focal ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.Nahid K. Nainzadeh et al., Work (IOS Press), 2011
- 77.6 percentIn a 2011 meta-analysis, ultrasound had a sensitivity of 77.6 percent and a specificity of 86.8 percent for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome, measured against electrodiagnostic testing.John R Fowler, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 2011
- 149 studentsIn a 2014 Karachi survey of physical therapy students, almost half, 149 students, had a positive Finkelstein test, the screen for de Quervain's.Maryam Ali et al., Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 2014
- In a 2014 meta-analysis of randomized trials, phonics instruction was the only treatment approach whose effect on reading and spelling in children and adolescents with reading disabilities was statistically confirmed.Katharina Galuschka et al., PLoS ONE, 2014
- In a 2015 study of Spanish adults with dyslexia, spelling performance was comparable whether the output was typing, handwriting or oral spelling.Olivia Afonso et al., Frontiers in Psychology, 2015
- In a 2015 study of Spanish adults, the adults with dyslexia made errors affecting individual letters or letter groups, through substitutions, deletions, additions and transpositions, and word length significantly affected their errors.Olivia Afonso et al., Frontiers in Psychology, 2015
- In a 2015 study of Spanish adults, the adults with dyslexia were significantly slower than the control group at writing in both tasks.Olivia Afonso et al., Frontiers in Psychology, 2015
- 1.96 adjusted odds ratioIn a 2016 meta-analysis, rheumatoid arthritis was associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, with a pooled confounder-adjusted odds ratio of 1.96.R. Shiri, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2016
- 0.74 Spearman rhoIn a 2017 study of 30 deaf and hard of hearing users, the authors' new caption metric, ACE, correlated 0.74 (Spearman rho) with their ratings of caption usability.Sushant Kafle and Matt Huenerfauth, ASSETS 2017, ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, 2017
- 0.35 effect size (d)In a 2018 meta-analysis, text-to-speech and related read-aloud tools had an average weighted effect size of 0.35 on reading comprehension for students with reading difficulties, with a 95 percent confidence interval of 0.14 to 0.56.Sarah G. Wood et al., Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2018
- 10 percent word error rateIn a 2019 Google study, personalized models brought word error rate on ALS speech down to 10 percent for mild dysarthria and 20 percent for more serious dysarthria.Joel Shor et al., Interspeech 2019, 2019
- 8-9 percent of maximum voluntary contractionIn a 2019 laboratory study, the anterior deltoid muscle in touch typists was more active than in non-touch typists at minutes 40, 80 and 160 of a 240-minute typing task, at 8 to 9 percent against 5.4 to 5.5 percent of maximum voluntary contraction.Thai Journal of Ergonomics, 2019
- In a 2020 review, dysgraphia and specific learning disorder in written expression are terms for people whose writing ability does not match their cognitive level and age, even after adequate instruction.Peter J Chung and Dilip R Patel, Translational Pediatrics, 2020
- 0.71 sensitivityIn a 2020 study of 85 hands with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome, Durkan's test had a sensitivity of 0.71 and a specificity of 0.22, using electrodiagnostic testing as the reference.Dafang Zhang et al., Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online, 2020
- 5.8 percentIn a 2021 meta-analysis of general-population X-ray studies, 5.8 percent of 50-year-old men had radiographic thumb base osteoarthritis.MJW van der Oest et al., Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 2021
- 128 patientsIn a 2021 single-centre study of 156 operations, 128 were first operations for carpal tunnel syndrome in that department.Fatma Kilinc, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2021
- 0.70 median sensitivityIn a 2023 meta-analysis of examination maneuvers for carpal tunnel syndrome, Phalen's test had the greatest median sensitivity, 0.70.Yagiz Ozdag and Louis C. Grandizio, Cureus, 2023
- 62.2 percentIn a 2023 study of patients with cervical radiculopathy, 62.2 percent also had carpal tunnel syndrome.Teymouri et al., Health Science Reports, 2023
- 7 of 8 studentsIn a 2024 single-case study of eight middle school students, seven of the eight increased their text productivity when they wrote with speech to text, against a keyboarding baseline.Gunilla Almgreen Bäck et al., Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 2024
- 63 percentIn a 2025 case-control study, 63 percent of people with carpal tunnel syndrome reported shoulder pain around the scapular spine, against 5 percent of the control group.Vasileios S Akrivos et al., Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume), 2025
- In a 2025 meta-analysis of 14 studies with 637 participants, kinesio taping significantly improved long-term pain relief compared with control.Z. Li et al., Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2025
- 2.59 odds ratioIn a 2025 retrospective study of 480 referred patients, carpal tunnel syndrome was more common among people under 50 with hypothyroidism, with an odds ratio of 2.59.Abuzinadah, Neurology International, 2025
- 5 minutes of recording time on averageIn a 2025 study of EvolveCaptions, a research system, word error rate fell for all deaf and hard of hearing users within one hour of use, with about five minutes of recording time on average.Liang-Yuan Wu and Dhruv Jain, arXiv (preprint), 2025
- 216 participantsIn a 2026 online survey of 216 validated deaf and hard of hearing participants, live TV captions and automatic captions synchronized with the audio were rated similarly.Bernard Thompson et al., arXiv (preprint), accepted for ACM ASSETS 2026, 2026
- In a 2026 preprint on child-adult recordings, children with high ADOS severity scores had higher multi-talker word error rates than children with low scores, within each age group.Anfeng Xu et al., arXiv, 2026
- In a 2026 qualitative study of four students with dyslexia using speech to text, the most frequent technology-based errors were misrecognized single words and omitted words or parts of sentences.Helle Bundgaard Svendsen et al., Dyslexia, 2026
- 1 to 2 percent word error rateIn a 2026 study of commercial systems, the leading services reached about 1 to 2 percent word error rate on mild dysarthria.Ali Alsayegh and Tariq Masood, International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2026
- 72 percentIn a 3-month study of 39 adults aged 65 to 85 in subsidized housing, 72 percent (28 of 39) wanted to keep using their smart speaker voice assistant after the study ended.Rachel McCloud et al., JMIR Aging, 2022
- 30 to 41 percentIn a cadaver study, the cross-sectional area of the cubital tunnel shrank by 30 to 41 percent as the elbow moved from full extension to 135 degrees of flexion.RH Gelberman et al., Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American), 1998
- 37 percentIn a cohort of 38 children with carpal tunnel syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis, a rare inherited metabolic disease, was the most frequent underlying condition, in 37 percent of patients.CT Rüsch et al., Children (Basel), 2021
- 39 cases per 100 person-yearsIn a cohort of newly hired computer users, the annual incidence of hand or arm musculoskeletal symptoms was 39 cases per 100 person-years.Gerr F et al., American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2002
- In a controlled test, a gel-padded glove did not protect the median nerve from compression in the carpal tunnel, although it provided comfort.Deltombe T et al., Spinal Cord, 2001
- 20 hours per weekIn a Danish one-year follow-up of workers, using a mouse for more than 20 hours per week was associated with possible carpal tunnel syndrome.JH Andersen et al., JAMA, 2003
- 34 percentIn a Dutch cohort of 639 pregnant women, 34 percent reported carpal tunnel symptoms during pregnancy.M Meems et al., BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2015
- 1.8 odds ratioIn a Dutch cohort of 639 pregnant women, higher fluid retention throughout pregnancy was significantly related to carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms, with an odds ratio of 1.8.M Meems et al., BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2015
- 5.3 percent of womenIn a Finnish population sample aged 30 and over, possible or probable carpal tunnel syndrome was found in 5.3 percent of women and 2.1 percent of men.R Shiri et al., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2009
- In a four-month smartphone study, adults with autism spectrum disorder preferred written over verbal communication, compared with neurotypical controls.Mehran Turna, npj Digital Medicine, 2025
- In a laboratory study, the activity of typing raised pressure in the carpal tunnel compared with holding the same hand posture still.David M. Rempel et al., Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2008
- 7.5 words per minuteIn a longitudinal study with 12 blind participants, the dissertation reports an average entry speed of 7.5 words per minute on a QWERTY keyboard with VoiceOver.Dylan C. Gaines, Michigan Technological University, Open Access Dissertation, 2023
- 2.7 percentIn a random sample of 2,466 adults aged 25 to 74 in southern Sweden, 2.7% had carpal tunnel syndrome confirmed both by clinical examination and by nerve conduction testing.Isam Atroshi et al., JAMA, 1999
- 1.4 points on a 0 to 10 pain scaleIn a randomised trial of working adults with frequent neck or shoulder pain, doing 2 minutes of elastic-tubing resistance training a day, five days a week, reduced neck and shoulder pain by 1.4 points more than the control group over 10 weeks.Lars L Andersen et al., Pain, 2011
- 80.7 percentIn a retrospective study of 327 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, 80.7 percent had the condition in both hands when judged by nerve conduction testing.Apiradee Singjam and Kanchana Charoentanyarak, PLoS One, 2021
- In a single-centre study of carpal tunnel surgery, none of the patients who had a first operation there had a recurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome at long-term follow-up.Fatma Kilinc, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2021
- 12.4 percentIn a study of 105 patients who had open carpal tunnel release, 12.4% had recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome and 10.4% had persistent symptoms.Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (Brieflands), 2014
- 500 US dollars more per releaseIn a study of 2006 charges, carpal tunnel releases done in hospital outpatient departments were charged about $500 more each than those done in freestanding ambulatory surgery centers.Christine Nguyen et al., The Journal of Hand Surgery, 2015
- 65.9 percentIn a study of 211 patients referred for nerve testing for suspected carpal tunnel syndrome, 65.9 percent reported symptoms in both hands.Regina M. Taylor-Gjevre et al., Canadian Family Physician, 2010
- In a study of voice quality after dictating with speech recognition software, one of the most consistent changes was a rise in pitch, which the authors read as the voice compensating for early voice fatigue.Christel de Bruijn and Sandra Whiteside, Proceedings of Interspeech 2007 (ISCA), 2007
- 20 percentIn a Taiwan hospital review of 866 referred patients, 20 percent had carpal tunnel syndrome alone, without a neck nerve problem.SF Lo et al., Rheumatology International, 2011
- 30.0 per 100,000 person-yearsIn a US insurance claims study from 2006 to 2012, the adjusted incidence of cubital tunnel syndrome was 30.0 per 100,000 person-years.DA Osei et al., Neurosurgery, 2017
- 44.4 percentIn a working population, 44.4 percent of dominant-hand carpal tunnel syndrome cases were still cases after one year.Silverstein BA et al., Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 2010
- In an Italian study of untreated carpal tunnel syndrome, some patients improved on their own without surgery.Padua L et al., Neurology, 2001
- 9.9 percent word error rate (from 25.4)In Apple research with 91 people who stutter, technical changes to a consumer speech recognizer cut utterances off 79.1 percent less often and improved word error rate from 25.4 percent to 9.9 percent.Colin Lea et al., Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (arXiv preprint), 2023
- In Colorado, a separate training must be provided for each speech-to-text application or program used on a state test.Colorado Department of Education state assessment security agreement (hosted by the Colorado Charter School Institute), 2025
- 4.6 percent word error rateIn Google's Project Euphonia study of 432 people with disordered speech, personalized speech recognition models reached a median word error rate of 4.6 percent, against 31 percent for general speaker-independent models.Jordan R. Green et al., Interspeech 2021 (Google Research publication page), 2021
- 211,000 workersIn Great Britain in 2024/25, an estimated 211,000 workers had work-related musculoskeletal disorders that mainly affected the upper limbs or neck.Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 2025
- 511,000 workersIn Great Britain in 2024/25, an estimated 511,000 workers had a work-related musculoskeletal disorder, 1,470 per 100,000 workers, with an estimated 7.1 million working days lost.Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 2025
- 53.80 percent reduction in text editing timeIn its evaluation with eight blind users, the GestureVoice system achieved a 53.80 percent reduction in text editing time.Prerna Khanna et al., ASSETS '25, ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, 2025
- In its March 2026 consultation, the Department for Education proposed that, other than in exceptional circumstances, it would fund speech-to-text software only for students who, because of their disability, rely on speech recognition as their main way of writing and of controlling a computer.Department for Education, Department for Education (England), Disabled Students' Allowance team, 2026
- In January 2023, 9to5Google reported that the Project Relate app was seeing wider Play Store availability. The report does not say which countries the store listing covers.Abner Li, 9to5Google, 2023
- In long-term follow-up after carpal tunnel release, two-thirds of patients had no symptoms at all and one-third described mild persisting numbness.Fatma Kilinc, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2021
- In many areas of England, NHS community musculoskeletal services can give help such as physiotherapy without a referral from a GP.NHS (National Health Service, England), 2024
- In Olmsted County, Minnesota, the incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome appeared to fall in younger people in 2000 to 2005, while it rose in older people.R Gelfman et al., Neurology, 2009
- In one small trial of 25 people, an ergonomic keyboard reduced pain after 12 weeks, while the second trial found no difference in pain at six months.Dennis O'Connor et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2022
- 65 percentIn one trial of 111 people, 65% of those given a steroid injection had mild to moderate pain lasting under two weeks, against 16% of those given a placebo injection.NL Ashworth et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- 10.2 percentIn patients having surgery for idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome, a recent study found amyloidosis on tenosynovial biopsy in 10.2 percent of men over 50 and women over 60, and all of those positive patients had bilateral symptoms.JP Donnelly et al., The Journal of Hand Surgery (American Volume), 2019
- 7.5 million students aged 3 to 21In school year 2022-23, 7.5 million US students aged 3 to 21, equal to 15 percent of all public school students, received special education or related services under IDEA.National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), US Department of Education, 2024
- In severe carpal tunnel syndrome, skin sensation can be permanently reduced and compression can cause muscle wasting at the base of the thumb, according to the 2024 Cochrane review.V Lusa et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2024
- 1.44 effect sizeIn studies that adjusted for some confounders, the effect size for hypothyroidism fell to 1.44.R Shiri, Muscle & Nerve, 2014
- 2.15 effect sizeIn studies that did not adjust for any confounder, hypothyroidism had an effect size of 2.15 for carpal tunnel syndrome.R Shiri, Muscle & Nerve, 2014
- 2.5 millimeters of mercuryIn the 1981 study, control subjects without carpal tunnel syndrome had a mean carpal canal pressure of 2.5 millimeters of mercury with the wrist in neutral position.Richard H. Gelberman et al., Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American volume), 1981
- 20 minutes microbreak intervalIn the 2001 randomised study, microbreaks reduced discomfort in every area measured, particularly when taken every 20 minutes.Linda Mclean et al., Applied Ergonomics, 2001
- In the 2001 study, all three split keyboard configurations reduced ulnar deviation of both wrists compared with a conventional keyboard setup.Richard W. Marklin and Gerald C. Simoneau, Physical Therapy, 2001
- In the 2001 study, the three split keyboard configurations produced no differences in ulnar deviation from each other.Richard W. Marklin and Gerald C. Simoneau, Physical Therapy, 2001
- 55 percent reporting recoveryIn the 2003 trial of software that prompted breaks, 55 percent of workers in the intervention groups reported recovery from their complaints, against 34 percent in the control group.Svend G. van den Heuvel et al., Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 2003
- 1.06 effect sizeIn the 2005 meta-analysis, the overall effect size for spatial central executive working memory in children with ADHD was 1.06, the largest of the four categories reported.Ron Martinussen et al., Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005
- 0.85 effect sizeIn the 2005 meta-analysis, the overall effect size for spatial storage working memory in children with ADHD was 0.85.Ron Martinussen et al., Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005
- 0.47 effect sizeIn the 2005 meta-analysis, the overall effect size for verbal storage working memory in children with ADHD was 0.47.Ron Martinussen et al., Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005
- 25 to 38 percent of peopleIn the 2005 trial, only 25 to 38 percent of people complied with all components of the intervention, mainly because workstations could not be configured to fit.Fredric Gerr et al., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2005
- 2 hoursIn the 2007 study, four groups of speakers each did a speech recognition task for 2 hours, with voice samples recorded before and after.Christel de Bruijn and Sandra Whiteside, Proceedings of Interspeech 2007 (ISCA), 2007
- In the 2014 community study, language problems in children with ADHD were linked to markedly poorer academic functioning.Emma Sciberras et al., Pediatrics, 2014
- In the 2018 Cochrane review, workstation adjustment and sit-stand desks each had no measured effect on upper limb pain or discomfort compared with no intervention.Vincent C.W. Hoe et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018
- In the 2019 study, non-touch typists rated neck and right shoulder discomfort higher than touch typists at minute 240 of a 240-minute typing task, on a visual analogue scale.Thai Journal of Ergonomics, 2019
- 40 percent of ASR errorsIn the 2020 study's speech input task, blind participants identified only 40 percent of speech recognition errors.J. Hong et al., ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing, 2020
- In the 2023 splinting review, people who wore a night-time splint tended to say their overall condition had improved more than people who did not wear one.TV Karjalainen et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- 1.87 words per minuteIn the 2024 blind-user study, average typing speed on the default smartphone keyboard without word prediction was 1.87 words per minute.Mrim M. Alnfiai and Muhammad Ashad Kabir, arXiv preprint (later journal article), 2024
- In the 2025 meta-analysis, kinesio taping gave similar outcomes to orthoses for mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome, and adding taping to orthoses gave more short-term pain relief than orthoses alone.Z. Li et al., Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2025
- 80.9 percent of recognition errorsIn the Apple stuttering study, 80.9 percent of the speech recognizer's errors were extra inserted words, and only 1.6 percent were missed words.Colin Lea et al., Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (arXiv preprint), 2023
- 79 percentIn the Dutch trial, 79% of surgery patients reported success at three months, against 53% of splint patients.AAM Gerritsen et al., JAMA, 2002
- $300 median one-time cost (US dollars)In the Job Accommodation Network's employer survey, 33 percent of employers said their accommodation had a one-time cost, with a median of $300; JAN gives screen-reading software as an example of such an accommodation.Job Accommodation Network (AskJAN), 2025
- 61 percentIn the Job Accommodation Network's employer survey, 872 of 1,425 employers who shared cost information (61 percent) said the accommodation their employee needed cost nothing.Job Accommodation Network (AskJAN), 2025
- In the most widely used form of IP CTS, a call is connected to a communications assistant, who repeats what the other party says, and voice recognition software turns the assistant's voice into text on the deaf or hard of hearing user's phone.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), n.d.
- 12 percent relative increaseIn the Nowrin and Vertanen study, slowing the read-back audio only where the recognizer was unsure led to a 12 percent relative increase in how well listeners detected errors, compared with uniformly slowing the audio.Sadia Nowrin and Keith Vertanen, arXiv, 2024
- In the Olmsted County study, older people with carpal tunnel syndrome presented with more severe disease and were more likely to have carpal tunnel surgery.R Gelfman et al., Neurology, 2009
- In the Part II analysis of the same cohort, the number of hours spent keying each week was associated with hand or arm symptoms and disorders.Marcus M et al., American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2002
- 110 millimeters of mercuryIn the same 1981 study, the mean carpal canal pressure in patients rose to 110 millimeters of mercury with the wrist extended 90 degrees back toward the forearm, the highest reading the study reported for patients.Richard H. Gelberman et al., Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American volume), 1981
- 94 millimeters of mercuryIn the same 1981 study, the mean carpal canal pressure in patients rose to 94 millimeters of mercury with the wrist flexed 90 degrees toward the palm.Richard H. Gelberman et al., Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American volume), 1981
- 50 percent sensitivityIn the same 2004 review, Tinel's sign had an estimated sensitivity of 50 percent and a specificity of 77 percent.JC MacDermid and J Wessel, Journal of Hand Therapy, 2004
- 0.43 effect sizeIn the same 2005 meta-analysis, the overall effect size for verbal central executive working memory in children with ADHD was 0.43, the smallest of the four categories reported.Ron Martinussen et al., Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005
- 0.11 correlation coefficientIn the same 2017 study, word error rate, the standard speech recognition measure, correlated only 0.11 with the same ratings.Sushant Kafle and Matt Huenerfauth, ASSETS 2017, ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, 2017
- 71 percent of the improvementIn the same 2019 study, 71 percent of the word error rate improvement on ALS speech came from only five minutes of training speech.Joel Shor et al., Interspeech 2019, 2019
- In the same 2025 study of 480 referred patients, after adjusting for age and sex, the overall association between hypothyroidism and carpal tunnel syndrome was not statistically significant.Abuzinadah, Neurology International, 2025
- 51 percent word error rateIn the same 2026 study, every commercial system exceeded 51 percent word error rate on severe dysarthria.Ali Alsayegh and Tariq Masood, International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2026
- In the same 2026 survey, the three caption quality metrics, including word error rate, were moderately to highly correlated with viewer ratings of TV captions, but far less so for automatic captions.Bernard Thompson et al., arXiv (preprint), accepted for ACM ASSETS 2026, 2026
- 32 percentIn the same cohort, 32 percent of hand or arm symptoms appeared during the first month of follow-up, against 46 percent of neck or shoulder symptoms.Gerr F et al., American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2002
- 35 cases per 100 person-yearsIn the same cohort, neck or shoulder musculoskeletal disorders began at an annual rate of 35 cases per 100 person-years.Gerr F et al., American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2002
- 58 cases per 100 person-yearsIn the same cohort, neck or shoulder musculoskeletal symptoms began at an annual rate of 58 cases per 100 person-years.Gerr F et al., American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2002
- In the same cohort, needing a second decompression was linked with being female, having diabetes and having positive nerve tests at diagnosis.PJ Jenkins and AD Duckworth, Hand (N Y), 2012
- 21 cases per 100 person-yearsIn the same cohort, the annual incidence of hand or arm musculoskeletal disorders was 21 cases per 100 person-years.Gerr F et al., American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2002
- In the same cohort, the most common hand or arm disorder was de Quervain's tendonitis.Gerr F et al., American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2002
- In the same Danish study, keyboard use was not significantly associated with possible carpal tunnel syndrome.JH Andersen et al., JAMA, 2003
- In the same laboratory study, wrist deviations in extension or radial deviation were associated with higher carpal tunnel pressure.David M. Rempel et al., Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2008
- 33.1 percentIn the same meta-analysis, 33.1 percent of 80-year-old men had radiographic thumb base osteoarthritis.MJW van der Oest et al., Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 2021
- 39.0 percentIn the same meta-analysis, 39.0 percent of 80-year-old women had radiographic thumb base osteoarthritis.MJW van der Oest et al., Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 2021
- 7.3 percentIn the same meta-analysis, 7.3 percent of 50-year-old women had radiographic thumb base osteoarthritis.MJW van der Oest et al., Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 2021
- In the same study, the authors found that bilateral symptoms, age of 45 or older and weakness at the thumb base predicted carpal tunnel syndrome in both hands.Apiradee Singjam and Kanchana Charoentanyarak, PLoS One, 2021
- 23.8 percent of utterances truncatedIn the same study, the baseline endpointer cut off an average of 23.8 percent of utterances from people who stutter.Colin Lea et al., Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (arXiv preprint), 2023
- 26 percentIn the same Taiwan hospital review, 26 percent had double crush syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome and cervical radiculopathy together.SF Lo et al., Rheumatology International, 2011
- 47 percentIn the same Taiwan hospital review, 47 percent had cervical radiculopathy alone, without carpal tunnel syndrome.SF Lo et al., Rheumatology International, 2011
- 7 percentIn the same Taiwan hospital review, 7 percent had symptoms without either diagnosis confirmed electrodiagnostically.SF Lo et al., Rheumatology International, 2011
- In the same test, the gel-padded glove significantly reduced pain, but nerve measurements did not differ between the glove and no-glove tests.Deltombe T et al., Spinal Cord, 2001
- 1.9 points on a 0 to 10 pain scaleIn the same trial, the group doing 12 minutes of elastic-tubing resistance training a day, five days a week, reduced neck and shoulder pain by 1.9 points more than the control group over 10 weeks.Lars L Andersen et al., Pain, 2011
- 33 percent at 5 yearsIn the Scottish cohort, the estimated rate of secondary carpal tunnel decompression after a steroid injection was 15% at one year and 33% at five years.PJ Jenkins and AD Duckworth, Hand (N Y), 2012
- 18.4 percentIn the Swedish population study, 18.4 percent of control subjects with no reported symptoms had abnormal median nerve conduction tests.Isam Atroshi et al., JAMA, 1999
- 1 in 5 people with hand symptomsIn the Swedish study, about 1 in 5 people with hand symptoms would be expected to have carpal tunnel syndrome on examination and nerve testing.Isam Atroshi et al., JAMA, 1999
- In this pregnancy cohort, about half of the women still complained of carpal tunnel symptoms three years after delivery, although their scores had improved from the start.Mauro Mondelli et al., Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 2007
- 6 daysIn three trials with 294 participants, endoscopic carpal tunnel release led to earlier return to work or daily activities than open release, by a weighted mean difference of 6 days.Scholten RJ, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2007
- In Toyota Motor Manufacturing v. Williams (2002), the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Circuit had applied the wrong standard when it found that a worker with carpal tunnel syndrome was disabled under the ADA, and reversed that ruling.Supreme Court of the United States, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, 2002
- 3.1 percentIn UK Biobank, 12,312 of 401,656 participants had carpal tunnel syndrome, a prevalence of 3.1 percent.Akira Wiberg and et al., Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, 2022
- 1.47 odds ratioIn UK Biobank, the odds ratio for carpal tunnel syndrome was 1.47 for people with hypothyroidism, before adjustment for body mass index.Akira Wiberg and et al., Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, 2022
- 40.5 percent of respondentsIn WebAIM's tenth survey, JAWS was the primary desktop or laptop screen reader for 40.5 percent of respondents.WebAIM, WebAIM (Web Accessibility In Mind), 2024
- 37.7 percent of respondentsIn WebAIM's tenth survey, NVDA was the primary desktop or laptop screen reader for 37.7 percent of respondents.WebAIM, WebAIM (Web Accessibility In Mind), 2024
- 9.7 percent of respondentsIn WebAIM's tenth survey, VoiceOver usage on desktop or laptop computers was 9.7 percent of respondents.WebAIM, WebAIM (Web Accessibility In Mind), 2024
- 70.6 percent of respondentsIn WebAIM's tenth survey, VoiceOver was the most popular mobile screen reader, used by 70.6 percent of respondents.WebAIM, WebAIM (Web Accessibility In Mind), 2024
- 2 weeks weeks after surgeryKaiser Permanente advises avoiding repeated hand movements, such as typing, for up to 2 weeks after carpal tunnel release.Kaiser Permanente, n.d.
- Kraft notes that speech to text does not make spelling mistakes as such, but it may mishear words and so make semantic errors.Sanna Kraft, Frontiers in Education, 2023
- 30 to 60 years of age, most common rangeMedlinePlus says carpal tunnel syndrome occurs most often in people aged 30 to 60, and that other factors that may lead to it include alcohol use, wrist fractures and arthritis, cysts, infections, obesity and fluid retained during pregnancy or menopause.MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2025
- MedlinePlus says corticosteroid injections into the carpal tunnel area can relieve symptoms, and that medicine treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome usually give only temporary relief.MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2025
- MedlinePlus says some of the jobs linked with carpal tunnel syndrome are those that involve vibrating tools.MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2025
- Microsoft says all audio processing and caption generation in Windows live captions happens on the device, and audio, voice data and captions are not sent to the cloud or to Microsoft.Microsoft Support, 2026
- Microsoft says it has tested Word's dictation with Narrator, JAWS and NVDA, and that it might work with other screen readers that follow common accessibility standards.Microsoft Support, 2026
- Microsoft says that to dictate a document in Word you need a headset and a reliable internet connection.Microsoft Support, 2026
- Microsoft says the dictation feature in Word is only available to Microsoft 365 subscribers.Microsoft Support, 2026
- Microsoft says Windows 11 live captions can caption audio even when the PC is disconnected from the internet, and can include microphone audio to make in-person conversations easier to follow.Microsoft Support, 2026
- 1 in 7 US adultsMobility disability (serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs) was the most common disability type in the CDC report, affecting about 1 in 7 US adults, ahead of cognition (1 in 10), hearing (1 in 17) and vision (1 in 21).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2025
- Most of the studies in a 2022 rapid systematic review found that students with ADHD have more significant difficulties in high-order writing than their peers.Stanley Cheng et al., Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2022
- NCFE says computer reader and speech recognition technology is not compatible with its Secure Assess online assessment platform.NCFE, awarding organisation, 2024
- 25 percent extra timeNCFE's guidance for scribes and speech recognition says to consider applying up to 25% extra time, which does not need to be applied for.NCFE, awarding organisation, 2024
- 96 percent accuracyNCRA's online skills test for the Certified Realtime Captioner requires 96 percent accuracy at 180 words per minute, over five minutes.National Court Reporters Association, NCRA, n.d.
- NHS Inform says carpal tunnel syndrome can cause pain in the hands, sometimes the wrist or forearm, and that pain may occur further up the arm, sometimes to the shoulder.NHS Inform, Scotland (via NHS Scotland Right Decisions), n.d.
- NI Direct advises seeing your GP if RSI symptoms continue, despite attempts to change how you work.nidirect (Northern Ireland government), n.d.
- Nowrin and Vertanen state that visual feedback may not always be practical for people who are blind or low-vision when they check recognized speech.Sadia Nowrin and Keith Vertanen, arXiv, 2024
- NVDA has a setting that controls whether key presses generated by speech recognition software are processed by NVDA.NV Access, NV Access, n.d.
- 61.0 percent of respondentsOf the people who stutter who were familiar with voice assistants, 61 percent named being cut off before they finished talking as a reason they used them less often.Colin Lea et al., Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (arXiv preprint), 2023
- 41 percentOf work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Great Britain in 2024/25, 41% mainly affected the upper limbs or neck, 43% the back and 15% the lower limbs.Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 2025
- On a Mac, Apple's guide says to choose Apple menu, then System Settings, click Accessibility in the sidebar and then click Siri on the right, where you may need to scroll down.Apple, Apple Mac User Guide, n.d.
- On the digital SAT, approved dictation runs on the device's own speech-to-text, not on a tool inside the Bluebook testing app.College Board, n.d.
- Windows key+Plus keyboard shortcutOn Windows 11, the Windows key with the plus sign turns Magnifier on.Microsoft, Microsoft Support, n.d.
- One study in the 2023 splinting review found that six months of splinting may improve symptoms and function compared with six weeks.TV Karjalainen et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- 84 percentOne year after delivery, the median nerve's sensory conduction remained delayed in 84 percent of women with carpal tunnel syndrome that began in pregnancy, even though their symptoms had improved.Mauro Mondelli et al., Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 2007
- OrthoInfo says de Quervain's tenosynovitis is a painful condition in which thumb-moving tendons become irritated inside the narrow tunnel between the wrist and the thumb.OrthoInfo, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, n.d.
- OrthoInfo says surgery may be recommended for de Quervain's tenosynovitis if symptoms are severe or do not improve after 6 weeks of nonsurgical treatment.OrthoInfo, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, n.d.
- OrthoInfo says the cause of de Quervain's tenosynovitis is not completely understood, but that the condition can be worsened by movements of the wrist and thumb, including typing and texting.OrthoInfo, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, n.d.
- 430 million peopleOver 5 percent of the world's population, or 430 million people, need rehabilitation for disabling hearing loss, including 34 million children.World Health Organization, 2026
- 1 in 4 US adultsOver 61 million US adults, or 1 in 4, report having a disability, according to CDC data.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2025
- PIP regulations treat a person as meeting an activity descriptor only if they can do the activity safely, to an acceptable standard, repeatedly and within a reasonable time.UK Parliament, legislation.gov.uk (The National Archives), 2013
- 1.69 odds ratioPooling 18 case-control or cohort studies that controlled for confounders, diabetes had a pooled odds ratio of 1.69 for carpal tunnel syndrome.MH Pourmemari and R Shiri, Diabetic Medicine, 2016
- 1.97 odds ratioPooling 25 studies that reported unadjusted estimates, diabetes had a pooled odds ratio of 1.97 for carpal tunnel syndrome or carpal tunnel release.MH Pourmemari and R Shiri, Diabetic Medicine, 2016
- Public schools must make assistive technology devices or services available to a child when the child's special education, related services or supplementary aids require them.Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (text of the Code of Federal Regulations), n.d.
- Research summarized in a 2025 paper suggests that people with ADHD, especially the hyperactive-impulsive subtype, may speak faster than people without ADHD.Saniye Tülin Fidan and Mehmet Niyazi Sarıyer, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2025
- 3 million AmericansRoughly 3 million Americans stutter; stuttering affects people of all ages and occurs most often in children aged 2 to 6.National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), NIH, 2017
- Scottish NHS guidance describes nerve root pain in the neck as arm, shoulder-blade or dermatomal pain, with or without neurological signs.NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Right Decisions (MSK Index), n.d.
- Scottish NHS guidance lists restricted and painful neck movements among the signs of cervical radiculopathy, a pinched nerve in the neck.NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Right Decisions (MSK Index), n.d.
- Scottish NHS guidance says that in a nerve root problem in the neck the numbness is dermatomal, following a band of skin, and the weakness is myotomal, following a group of muscles.NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Right Decisions (MSK Index), n.d.
- Some smartphones let you hold a button while you speak and release it when you finish, which avoids automatic end-of-speech detection.Colin Lea et al., Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (arXiv preprint), 2023
- 32 percent of students served under IDEASpecific learning disabilities were the most common disability category among US students served under IDEA in 2022-23, at 32 percent.National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), US Department of Education, 2024
- Tarsal tunnel syndrome can cause pain, numbness, tingling, weakness or muscle damage, mainly in the bottom of the foot.MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d.
- Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a condition in which the tibial nerve is compressed, at the inner side of the ankle.MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d.
- 6 healthy volunteersThe 2001 glove study tested the glove in six healthy volunteers, in a random order with and without the glove, during a 30-minute compression of the carpal tunnel.Deltombe T et al., Spinal Cord, 2001
- 11 keyboard operatorsThe 2001 split keyboard study tested 11 experienced computer keyboard operators.Richard W. Marklin and Gerald C. Simoneau, Physical Therapy, 2001
- 85 percent sensitivityThe 2002 practice parameter says median nerve conduction studies confirm a clinical diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome with sensitivity above 85 percent and specificity of 95 percent.American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine et al., Muscle & Nerve, 2002
- 376 computer usersThe 2005 randomised trial of postural interventions included 376 people who used computer keyboards for more than 15 hours a week.Fredric Gerr et al., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2005
- The 2005 trial concluded that two specific workplace postural interventions are unlikely to reduce upper extremity symptoms among computer users.Fredric Gerr et al., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2005
- 2 formal studiesThe 2007 study's authors wrote that only two formal studies had investigated reported voice problems from using speech recognition software.Christel de Bruijn and Sandra Whiteside, PEVOC 7, Pan European Voice Conference, 2007
- 179 children with ADHDThe 2014 community study recruited 179 children with ADHD, aged 6 to 8, and 212 controls through 43 Melbourne schools.Emma Sciberras et al., Pediatrics, 2014
- 49 comparisons of experimental and control groupsThe 2014 meta-analysis of reading treatments for children and adolescents included 49 comparisons of experimental and control groups from randomized controlled trials.Katharina Galuschka et al., PLoS ONE, 2014
- The 2015 study of Spanish adults with dyslexia says its finding that spelling difficulties persist in adulthood applies at least to a language with transparent spelling, such as Spanish.Olivia Afonso et al., Frontiers in Psychology, 2015
- 27 patientsThe 2016 typing study followed 27 patients who had open carpal tunnel release.Justin W Zumsteg et al., The Journal of Hand Surgery, 2016
- The 2018 Cochrane review found inconsistent evidence for arm supports and alternative computer mouse designs.Vincent C.W. Hoe et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018
- The 2018 Cochrane review found very low-quality evidence that supplementary breaks reduce upper limb discomfort in office workers.Vincent C.W. Hoe et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018
- The 2019 laboratory study of touch and non-touch typists was carried out among healthy female typists.Thai Journal of Ergonomics, 2019
- 1.5 hours of target speechThe 2019 system was adapted from a model trained on adult speech using only 1.5 hours of recordings of the target children.Robert Gale et al., Interspeech 2019, ISCA Archive, 2019
- 12 blind participantsThe 2020 study by Hong and colleagues compared 12 blind participants with 12 sighted participants.J. Hong et al., ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing, 2020
- The 2020 study found that blind users were more highly concerned about speech recognition errors than sighted users.J. Hong et al., ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing, 2020
- The 2022 Cochrane review found insufficient trial evidence to say whether ergonomic positioning or equipment helps or harms people with carpal tunnel syndrome.Dennis O'Connor et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2022
- 105 participantsThe 2022 Cochrane review on carpal tunnel equipment pooled two randomised trials with 105 participants, comparing ergonomic keyboards with placebo keyboards.Dennis O'Connor et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2022
- -0.77 standardised mean differenceThe 2023 Cochrane review found that a wrist steroid injection probably improves symptoms at up to three months, with a standardised mean difference of -0.77 favouring the injection.NL Ashworth et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- 639 peopleThe 2023 Cochrane review of steroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome found nine studies with 639 people that provided usable data.NL Ashworth et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- The 2023 Cochrane splinting review concluded that there is insufficient evidence to say whether splinting benefits people with carpal tunnel syndrome.Karjalainen TV et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- The 2023 Cochrane splinting review excluded trials that compared one splint design with another, so it does not rank brace designs against each other.Karjalainen TV et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- 1937 adultsThe 2023 Cochrane splinting review pooled 29 randomised trials with 1,937 adults with carpal tunnel syndrome.TV Karjalainen et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- The 2023 Cochrane splinting review says it is unclear whether a splint is optimally worn full time or only at night-time.Karjalainen TV et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- 0.84 risk ratioThe 2023 Cochrane steroid review found that the need for surgery probably falls slightly after an injection, with a risk ratio of 0.84 at one year.NL Ashworth et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- -0.58 standardised mean differenceThe 2023 Cochrane steroid review found that the symptom improvement from a steroid injection was still evident up to six months, with a standardised mean difference of -0.58 favouring the injection.NL Ashworth et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- The 2023 meta-analysis concluded that, without an accepted gold standard, a combination of exams and history should guide the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.Yagiz Ozdag and Louis C. Grandizio, Cureus, 2023
- The 2023 splinting review says splints may cause temporary side effects such as difficulty falling asleep or transient tingling after removal, and that no trial reported serious side effects.TV Karjalainen et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023
- The 2023 study notes that many dictation systems do not use an automatic endpointer, so people who stutter were cut off less often in dictation than with voice assistants.Colin Lea et al., Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (arXiv preprint), 2023
- The 2024 AAOS guideline finds that therapeutic ultrasound does not provide long-term improvement of carpal tunnel syndrome.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2024
- The 2024 AAOS guideline gives a strong recommendation that corticosteroid injection does not provide long-term improvement of carpal tunnel syndrome.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2024
- The 2024 Cochrane review found very uncertain evidence on symptoms, function and quality of life after steroid injection or surgery, so it could not draw conclusions between them.NL Ashworth et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2024
- 1231 participantsThe 2024 Cochrane review of surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome pooled 14 randomised studies with 1,231 participants.V Lusa et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2024
- 200 participants with ADHDThe 2025 cluttering study included 200 children and adolescents with ADHD and a control group of 49 typically developing peers.Saniye Tülin Fidan and Mehmet Niyazi Sarıyer, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2025
- The 2025 meta-analysis of 14 trials concludes that the evidence is low to moderate quality, and that kinesio taping may improve long-term pain relief and function in mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.Z. Li et al., Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2025
- The A1 pulley, at the base of each finger in the palm, is the pulley most involved in trigger finger.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo, n.d.
- The AAOS patient guide describes Phalen's test as bending and holding the wrists in a flexed position to test for numbness or tingling.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo (AAOS), n.d.
- The AAOS patient guide lists exercises to keep the nerve mobile among simple measures that can often relieve early carpal tunnel symptoms, alongside a wrist splint worn while sleeping.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo (AAOS), n.d.
- The AAOS patient guide says a doctor may order electrodiagnostic tests to measure how well the median nerve works and whether it is under too much pressure.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo (AAOS), n.d.
- The AAOS patient guide says a doctor may order X-rays when there is limited wrist motion or wrist pain, to exclude other causes.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo (AAOS), n.d.
- The AAOS patient guide says a doctor may recommend an ultrasound of the wrist to evaluate the median nerve for signs of compression.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo (AAOS), n.d.
- The AAOS patient guide says a doctor may refer you to a hand therapist if significant pain and weakness last more than two months after carpal tunnel surgery.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo (AAOS), n.d.
- The AAOS patient guide says a doctor usually diagnoses trigger finger from symptoms and an examination, and X-rays or other tests are not usually needed.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo, n.d.
- The AAOS patient guide says a doctor will usually recommend nonsurgical treatment first when the diagnosis is uncertain or the symptoms are mild.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo (AAOS), n.d.
- The AAOS patient guide says MRI scans give better images of the body's soft tissues than X-rays.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo (AAOS), n.d.
- The AAOS patient guide says that in many cases carpal tunnel syndrome can be diagnosed from the medical history and a physical exam, with no further testing needed.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo (AAOS), n.d.
- The AAOS patient guide says that keeping the wrist in a straight or neutral position reduces pressure on the nerve in the carpal tunnel, which is why a night splint holds the wrist that way.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo (AAOS), n.d.
- The ADA regulation says 'substantially limits' shall be construed broadly in favor of expansive coverage.Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, n.d.
- The ADA requires covered entities to provide auxiliary aids and services when needed to communicate effectively with people who have communication disabilities.U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, ADA.gov, 2026
- The ADA says information obtained about a person's medical condition must be kept on separate forms, in separate medical files, and treated as a confidential medical record.United States Congress, Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, n.d.
- The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association defines augmentative and alternative communication as an area of clinical practice that supplements or compensates for impairments in speech-language production or comprehension, including spoken and written modes of communication.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, ASHA Practice Portal, n.d.
- 22 to 58 percent of individuals with acute strokeThe American Speech-Language-Hearing Association estimates that 22 to 58 percent of individuals with acute stroke have dysarthria.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Practice Portal, n.d.
- 44 to 88 percent of people with Parkinson's diseaseThe American Speech-Language-Hearing Association estimates that dysarthria affects 44 to 88 percent of people with Parkinson's disease.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Practice Portal, n.d.
- The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association says dysarthria is a speech disorder that happens when brain or nerve damage changes the way the muscles used for speech work, which can make speech slow, slurred or hard to understand.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), 2026
- The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association says talking uses many muscles in the face, lips, tongue and throat, along with the muscles used for breathing.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), 2026
- 26 weeksThe ARM trial's primary outcome was absence of disability at 26 weeks.Walker-Bone K et al., Occupational Medicine, 2023
- The authors conclude that text-to-speech technologies may help students with reading difficulties with reading comprehension, and that more studies are needed on the factors that moderate the effect.Sarah G. Wood et al., Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2018
- The authors found a strong correlation between the rate of inserted words and part-word repetitions, which ties many of the extra words to repeated sounds.Colin Lea et al., Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (arXiv preprint), 2023
- The authors identify text accuracy and lag time as the major obstacles to using speech recognition in group conversation for deaf and hard of hearing people.Abraham Glasser et al., ASSETS 2017 (also arXiv 1909.01176), 2017
- The authors note that automatic speech recognition accuracy depends on the speech itself, ambient noise and microphone quality, as well as on computing power.Abraham Glasser et al., ASSETS 2017 (also arXiv 1909.01176), 2017
- The authors of a 2014 study of open carpal tunnel release say that the rates of persistent and recurrent symptoms depend on choosing the right patient, making the correct diagnosis, and how long symptoms lasted before surgery.Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (Brieflands), 2014
- The authors of a 2025 study recommend that children diagnosed with ADHD undergo more comprehensive assessments of their language and speech capabilities.Saniye Tülin Fidan and Mehmet Niyazi Sarıyer, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2025
- The authors of a small 2019 study concluded that touch typists had less discomfort and more productivity than non-touch typists during a 240-minute typing task.Thai Journal of Ergonomics, 2019
- 50 to 80 percent of the informationThe authors report that even with accurate real-time text from human captioners, deaf and hard of hearing people receive 50 to 80 percent of the information, against 84 to 95 percent for hearing peers.Abraham Glasser et al., ASSETS 2017 (also arXiv 1909.01176), 2017
- The authors state that patients with symptoms in one hand are frequently found to have carpal tunnel syndrome on both sides when tested electrodiagnostically.Apiradee Singjam and Kanchana Charoentanyarak, PLoS One, 2021
- 59 expertsThe CATALISE Delphi study recruited a panel of 59 experts from ten disciplines to agree criteria for identifying children with language impairments.Dorothy V. M. Bishop et al., PLoS ONE, 2016
- 7 million US children aged 3 to 17The CDC estimates that 7 million US children aged 3 to 17, or 11.7 percent, have a current ADHD diagnosis, based on data collected in 2024 from a national survey of parents.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2026
- The Cochrane review of exercise and mobilisation for carpal tunnel syndrome found limited and very low quality evidence of benefit.Page MJ et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012
- The College Board says most students who use a writer or scribe on paper tests will be approved for a writer/scribe or dictation on digital tests, and dictation uses the device's built-in speech-to-text or the student's own speech-to-text software.College Board, 2026
- 18 June 2026The Department for Education's consultation on assistive software funded through the Disabled Students' Allowance closed on 18 June 2026.Department for Education, Department for Education (England), Disabled Students' Allowance team, 2026
- The Department for Education's review of the speech-to-text software on offer found that free-to-access tools are easy to get and simple to set up, and that they support basic transcription, which makes them suitable for students with general dictation needs.Department for Education, Department for Education (England), Disabled Students' Allowance team, 2026
- 176 patientsThe Dutch trial randomly allocated 176 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome to night-time splinting (89) or open surgery (87).AAM Gerritsen et al., JAMA, 2002
- The EEOC says a request for reasonable accommodation does not need to be in writing.U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2002
- The EEOC says a request for reasonable accommodation is the first step in an informal, interactive process between the individual and the employer.U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2002
- The EEOC says an employer does not have to provide a reasonable accommodation that imposes an undue hardship, defined as significant difficulty or expense judged against factors such as the employer's size, financial resources and the nature of its operation.U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 1997
- The EEOC says an employer may ask for reasonable documentation about a disability and its functional limits when the disability or the need for accommodation is not obvious.U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2002
- The EEOC says an employer may choose among reasonable accommodations, as long as the one it chooses is effective.U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2002
- The EEOC says that when more than one accommodation is effective, the preference of the employee with a disability should be given primary consideration.U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2002
- The EEOC's reasonable accommodation guidance lists acquiring or modifying equipment among the possible reasonable accommodations, alongside job restructuring, modified schedules, providing readers or interpreters and reassignment.U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2002
- 2007 year of FCC approvalThe FCC approved Internet Protocol captioned telephone service as a form of relay service in 2007.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), n.d.
- The FCC rules say the costs of IP CTS are recovered from all subscribers for every interstate and intrastate service.U.S. Federal Communications Commission, Code of Federal Regulations, via Legal Information Institute, n.d.
- The federal IDEA regulation requires the IEP team to consider whether a child needs assistive technology devices and services.Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, reproducing the Code of Federal Regulations (Department of Education, IDEA Part B), 2026
- The FY 2017 ICD-10-CM addenda list G56.03, carpal tunnel syndrome of bilateral upper limbs, as a new code.National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC National Center for Health Statistics, 2016
- The FY 2027 ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting were updated for the period October 1, 2026 to September 30, 2027.Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (CMS and CDC NCHS), 2026
- The HSE says upper limb disorders are more common in work tasks that involve carrying out a task for a long time without suitable rest breaks.Health and Safety Executive (Great Britain), 2026
- The Job Accommodation Network says people with physical, sensory or developmental limitations may not be able to use a standard keyboard and mouse effectively and may benefit from speech recognition, which works even for people with no hand or finger movement.Job Accommodation Network (AskJAN), n.d.
- The median nerve supplies feeling to the skin of the thumb, index finger, middle finger and half of the ring finger.Healthwise Staff, HealthLinkBC (Healthwise patient education), 2022
- The NHS advises people with RSI to keep active, and says they may need to limit the amount of activity at first before gradually increasing it.NHS (National Health Service, England), n.d.
- 6 weeksThe NHS advises wearing a wrist splint at night to relieve pressure on the nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome, and says it may take up to 6 weeks before symptoms start to improve.NHS (National Health Service, England), 2024
- The NHS lists a weak thumb or difficulty gripping among the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome.NHS (National Health Service, England), 2024
- The NHS lists the main symptoms of tendonitis as pain in a tendon that gets worse when you move, difficulty moving the joint, a grating or crackling feeling, and swelling.NHS (nhs.uk), n.d.
- The NHS lists typing at a computer among the repetitive activities that can cause RSI, alongside hairdressing, decorating and assembly line work.NHS (National Health Service, England), n.d.
- The NHS says carpal tunnel syndrome can take months to get better.NHS (National Health Service, England), 2024
- The NHS says carpal tunnel syndrome can usually be diagnosed by asking about symptoms and checking the hand.NHS (National Health Service, England), 2024
- The NHS says most people with repetitive strain injury are able to manage their symptoms and get better without further treatment.NHS (National Health Service, England), n.d.
- The NHS says painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen may help carpal tunnel pain in the short term, but there is little evidence that they treat the cause.NHS (National Health Service, England), 2024
- The NHS says repetitive strain injury is a term sometimes used for pain caused by repeated movement of part of the body, so it describes a symptom pattern rather than one diagnosis.NHS (National Health Service, England), n.d.
- The NHS says RSI often gets better on its own, but that there are things people can do to speed recovery.NHS (National Health Service, England), n.d.
- The NHS says that if a health professional is not sure it is carpal tunnel syndrome, they may refer you to hospital for a nerve conduction test or for scans such as an ultrasound or MRI.NHS (National Health Service, England), 2024
- The NHS says that if carpal tunnel syndrome is getting worse and other treatments have not worked, surgery may be discussed, and that surgery usually cures it.NHS (National Health Service, England), 2024
- The NHS says that if RSI symptoms do not improve, a physiotherapist can show you exercises to strengthen your muscles and improve your posture.NHS (National Health Service, England), n.d.
- The NHS says the symptoms of RSI usually start gradually, and that the pain may feel like burning, aching or throbbing.NHS (National Health Service, England), n.d.
- The NHS says to see a GP if carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms are getting worse or are not going away, or if treatment at home is not working.NHS (National Health Service, England), 2024
- The NI Direct government guide says repetitive strain injury is also known as work-related upper limb disorder, or non-specific upper limb pain.nidirect (Northern Ireland government), n.d.
- The NI Direct government guide says RSI can cause swelling in the affected area, and that the swelling can last for several months.nidirect (Northern Ireland government), n.d.
- The NI Direct government guide says that at first a person may notice RSI symptoms only while carrying out a particular repetitive action.nidirect (Northern Ireland government), n.d.
- The NI Direct government guide says that without treatment, the symptoms of RSI may eventually become constant and cause longer periods of pain.nidirect (Northern Ireland government), n.d.
- The nidirect government guide says stress can be a contributing cause of RSI.nidirect (Northern Ireland government), n.d.
- 4 codesThe NLM ICD-10-CM lookup lists four codes under G56.0 for carpal tunnel syndrome: G56.00 for an unspecified upper limb, G56.01 for the right, G56.02 for the left and G56.03 for bilateral upper limbs.U.S. National Library of Medicine, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Clinical Tables, 2026
- The NVDA user guide says the Speak typed characters command, NVDA+2, controls when NVDA announces the characters you type.NV Access, NV Access, n.d.
- The official guidelines say a code is invalid if it has not been coded to the full number of characters required for that code.Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (CMS and CDC NCHS), 2026
- 62 percent relative word error rate improvementThe personalized models in the 2019 Google study gave a 62 percent relative reduction in word error rate on speech from people with ALS.Joel Shor et al., Interspeech 2019, 2019
- The required federal consumer text says each minute of captions has a cost, paid from a federally administered fund.U.S. Federal Communications Commission, Code of Federal Regulations, via Legal Information Institute, n.d.
- The required federal notice says that only registered users with hearing loss may use IP captioned telephones with the captions turned on.U.S. Federal Communications Commission, Code of Federal Regulations, via Legal Information Institute, n.d.
- 35 percent relative word error rate improvementThe same 2019 study reported a 35 percent relative reduction in word error rate for accented speech after personalization.Joel Shor et al., Interspeech 2019, 2019
- The same 2024 study found significantly lower quality for streaming speech recognition, the mode used for live events.Korbinian Kuhn et al., arXiv (preprint), 2024
- The same 2026 study found that the recognition accuracy of speech to text appears to affect writing flow and working memory load during technology-based writing.Helle Bundgaard Svendsen et al., Dyslexia, 2026
- 7 to 12 seconds of typical TV caption delayThe same 2026 survey found that caption latency, the delay between speech and text, significantly affects the viewer experience, especially the 7 to 12 second delays typical of live TV.Bernard Thompson et al., arXiv (preprint), accepted for ACM ASSETS 2026, 2026
- The same review found no trials comparing surgery with placebo surgery or with no treatment, so confidence in surgery's effect is limited.V Lusa et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2024
- The same study found the AR captioning benefit appeared only where captions gave nuanced information, and only for students with strong visual and auditory processing.Jiayuan Zhang et al., ICIS 2024 Proceedings, paper 2595, 2024
- 20 hours per weekThe second route in UK prescribed disease A12 is repeated palmar flexion and dorsiflexion of the wrist for at least 20 hours a week, for at least 12 months in the 24 months before symptoms begin, with repeated meaning once or more every 30 seconds.UK Parliament, legislation.gov.uk (The National Archives), 1985
- The Section 504 regulations require a school district to provide a free appropriate public education (FAPE) to each qualified student with a disability in its jurisdiction, regardless of the nature or severity of the disability.Office for Civil Rights, US Department of Education, 2025
- 151 hours of speechThe Speech Accessibility Project's first published study trained a recognizer on 151 hours of speech from people with Parkinson's disease.Speech Accessibility Project, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute, 2024
- The study passively logged smartphone communication over a period of four months, rather than asking participants to report their habits.Mehran Turna, npj Digital Medicine, 2025
- The U.S. Department of Justice's ADA guidance defines real-time captioning, also called computer-assisted real-time transcription or CART, as a service similar to court reporting in which a transcriber types what is said into a computer that projects the words onto a screen.U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, ADA.gov, 2026
- The U.S. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders advises not overusing the voice and avoiding speaking or singing when the voice is hoarse or tired.National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), NIH, 2025
- The U.S. National Library of Medicine describes tarsal tunnel syndrome as an unusual form of peripheral neuropathy, meaning a nerve disorder outside the brain and spinal cord.MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d.
- The U.S. National Library of Medicine lists avoiding repetitive motions and overuse of the arms and legs as a way to prevent tendinitis.MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2024
- The U.S. National Library of Medicine lists swelling from an ankle injury among the causes of pressure on the tibial nerve in tarsal tunnel syndrome.MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d.
- The U.S. National Library of Medicine says body-wide diseases, including diabetes, hypothyroidism and arthritis, may damage the tibial nerve.MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d.
- The U.S. National Library of Medicine says studies have not proved that typing on a computer, using a mouse or other repeated movements cause carpal tunnel syndrome.MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2025
- The U.S. National Library of Medicine says tendinitis can occur as a result of injury or overuse.MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2024
- 5 to 10 minutes every hourThe UK Health and Safety Executive advises computer users to take short breaks often rather than longer ones less often, for example 5 to 10 minutes every hour rather than 20 minutes every 2 hours.Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 2025
- The UK Health and Safety Executive advises that the top of the screen sits level with the eyes, about an arm's length away.Health and Safety Executive (HSE), n.d.
- The UK Health and Safety Executive defines upper limb disorders as aches and pains in the shoulders, arms, wrists, hands and fingers, as well as in the neck.Health and Safety Executive (Great Britain), 2026
- The UK Health and Safety Executive's standard workstation setup puts the keyboard just below elbow height, with shoulders relaxed.Health and Safety Executive (HSE), n.d.
- The ulnar nerve gives sensation to the little finger and part of the ring finger, and power to the small muscles of the hand.NHS Borders, Right Decisions reference help toolkit, n.d.
- The VA regulation says that a disability proximately due to, or the result of, a service-connected disease or injury is itself service connected.U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Legal Information Institute, n.d.
- The VA schedule for complete median nerve paralysis lists an ape hand as one of its signs, described as the thumb lying in the plane of the hand.U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, n.d.
- 50 percent (major arm, severe incomplete paralysis)The VA schedule for median nerve paralysis gives incomplete paralysis ratings of 50 percent for severe (major arm) and 40 percent (minor arm), 30 and 20 percent for moderate, and 10 percent for mild.U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, n.d.
- The VA schedule of ratings for diseases of the peripheral nerves has two rating columns, headed Major and Minor.U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, n.d.
- The World Health Organization says the primary purpose of assistive products is to maintain or improve a person's functioning and independence, thereby promoting their well-being.World Health Organization, n.d.
- 20 healthy volunteersThe wrist posture study on carpal tunnel pressure used 20 healthy people in a laboratory.David M. Rempel et al., Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2008
- 2 percentTrigger finger affects 2 percent of the general population.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo, n.d.
- Trigger finger is most common in the ring finger and thumb, but it can affect any finger.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo, n.d.
- Trigger finger stiffness and locking are usually worse after inactivity, such as on waking, and often ease through the day with gentle use.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, OrthoInfo, n.d.
- UK prescribed disease A12 covers carpal tunnel syndrome from using hand-held powered tools whose internal parts vibrate, judged at the time the symptoms first develop.UK Parliament, legislation.gov.uk (The National Archives), 1985
- Under 29 U.S.C. 3002, an assistive technology device is any item, piece of equipment or product system, whether bought, modified or customized, that increases, maintains or improves functional capabilities of people with disabilities.Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, 2026
- Under ADA Title II, a public college must give primary consideration to a disabled student's request when it chooses an auxiliary aid or service.Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (text of the Code of Federal Regulations), n.d.
- Under Medicare, a patient generally also pays a copayment for each service received in a hospital outpatient setting, in addition to the 20% coinsurance.Medicare.gov (U.S. government), n.d.
- Under Section 504, a college that receives federal money must modify its academic requirements where needed so they do not discriminate against students with disabilities.Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (text of the Code of Federal Regulations), n.d.
- Under the ADA regulation, whether an impairment substantially limits a major life activity requires an individualized assessment.Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, n.d.
- Under the ADA, an employer that does not make reasonable accommodations for the known limitations of a qualified employee discriminates, unless it can show the accommodation would impose an undue hardship.United States Congress, Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, n.d.
- Under the federal IDEA regulations, an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is a written statement for a child with a disability, developed, reviewed and revised under the rules in sections 300.320 through 300.324.Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, reproducing the Code of Federal Regulations (Department of Education, IDEA Part B), 2026
- Under the federal IDEA regulations, the IEP team must consider whether a child needs assistive technology devices and services.Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute, reproducing the Code of Federal Regulations (Department of Education, IDEA Part B), 2026
- Virginia's workers' compensation statute says that carpal tunnel syndrome is not an occupational disease but an ordinary disease of life.Commonwealth of Virginia, Virginia Legislative Information System, n.d.
- When a condition is bilateral and no bilateral code exists, the official guidelines say to assign separate codes for the left and the right side.Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (CMS and CDC NCHS), 2026
- 200 pounds sterlingWhen a Disabled Students' Allowance student is assessed as needing a new computer, the student pays the first £200 of its cost.GOV.UK, 2026
- When both sides are treated in separate encounters, the official guidelines still use the bilateral code, because the condition still exists on both sides.Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (CMS and CDC NCHS), 2026
- 5 countriesWhen Google opened Project Relate for testing, it invited English-speaking testers in Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and the United States.Julie Cattiau, Google blog, 2021
- When the medical record does not identify the side, the official guidelines say to assign the code for the unspecified side.Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (CMS and CDC NCHS), 2026
- When you create a Dragon user profile, the software analyzes your emails and documents to learn the vocabulary you use.Yale University dyslexia resources, n.d.
- Windows Voice Access has an Add to vocabulary command that Microsoft lists for improving recognition of complex or hard to pronounce words.Microsoft Support, 2026
- 1.9 adjusted odds ratioWork with vibrating tools was associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.9.R Shiri et al., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2009
- Yale advises that when Dragon mishears you because of the software, you should train the word by repeating it so the software learns the correct pronunciation.Yale University dyslexia resources, n.d.
- Yale's dyslexia resource recommends that, if dyslexia makes the training passages hard to read, someone preview the challenging words with you before you train Dragon.Yale University dyslexia resources, n.d.
- Yale's dyslexia resource says that training words in Dragon strengthens your vocabulary and helps the software work more efficiently.Yale University dyslexia resources, n.d.