Facts

Dictation for work and study: facts and numbers

291 facts, each traced to the exact words of its source.

37 minutes per monthA $15 monthly seat for one person pays for itself if it saves about 37 minutes a month, when that time is valued at the median US wage for all occupations.Calculated from other facts
65 characters per lineA 2007 AHIMA and MTIA task force describes the 65-character line as the previously advanced standard unit of measure for medical record transcription.AHIMA/MTIA Joint Task Force on Standards Development, American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) and Medical Transcription Industry Association (MTIA), 2007
3.65 dollars per original pageA 2013 order of the District of Colorado set the ordinary 30-day transcript fee at $3.65 per original page.U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado, 2013
A 2021 law library blog post says the 21st edition of the Bluebook advises that et seq. should be avoided for statutes and replaced with two section symbols to show multiple statute sections.CSU Law Library Blog, 2021
A 2024 review says that excessive use of DotPhrases can make a clinical note excessively long and cumbersome, and can bury important information.Palak A. Fichadia, Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2024
7 studies met the inclusion criteriaA 2024 review searched PubMed, CINAHL and Google Scholar for speech recognition in nursing documentation, found 156 studies, and kept seven that met its inclusion criteria.Sally Newton-Mason et al., Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 2024
A 2026 analysis reprinted by NextBillion from Rest of World says that at the turn of the millennium India became the global hub for medical transcription, with American hospitals sending voice files there.Jibu Elias, NextBillion (reprinted from Rest of World), 2026
23.1 minutesA day of email replies totaling 1,200 words takes about 23.1 minutes to type at 52 words per minute, the phone keyboard speed in the Ruan study.Calculated from other facts
60 words per minuteA HealthScribe job posting for a part-time, on-site medical scribe in Glendale, dated March 12, 2025, lists a minimum typing speed of 60 words per minute.HealthScribe, via Workable job board, 2025
60 words per minuteA HealthScribe job posting for a part-time, on-site medical scribe in Phoenix, dated March 28, 2024, lists a minimum typing speed of 60 words per minute.HealthScribe, via Workable job board, 2024
A MedQuist press release carried by BioSpace on October 19, 2005 used the term front-end speech recognition system for radiologists in its headline for SpeechQ For Radiology.MedQuist, BioSpace (company press release), 2005
0.47 Hedges' gA meta-analysis of 28 physical activity intervention studies found a medium pooled effect on creative ideation performance, Hedges' g = 0.47.Christian Rominger et al., Sports Medicine - Open, 2022
$525 US dollars, one-timeA one-time implementation fee of $525 is added during setup, on top of the monthly or annual subscription price, according to Medesk.Medesk (medical practice software vendor), 2026
A scopist edits the transcripts of official proceedings that court reporters create.Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, n.d.
A Stony Brook Medicine IT page says Nuance has tested and recommends a named list of microphones and dictation devices for Dragon Medical One, including the Nuance PowerMic and the Philips SpeechMike.Stony Brook Medicine, undated
A Stony Brook Medicine IT page says that any microphone that records audio in the required format can work with Dragon Medical One, but that microphone quality varies between manufacturers and can greatly affect speech recognition quality.Stony Brook Medicine, undated
A typical shorthand system uses symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, which lets a trained writer keep up with speech.Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, n.d.
780 US dollars per yearA US reseller lists the Dragon Legal Anywhere annual subscription at $780 per year on a one-year term.StartStop, a US reseller of Nuance dictation products, 2026
65 US dollars per monthA US reseller lists the Dragon Legal Anywhere monthly subscription at $65 per month on a one-year term.StartStop, a US reseller of Nuance dictation products, 2026
$369 US dollars, one-timeA US reseller lists the Philips SpeechMike Premium Touch SMP3700 microphone at $369.00 on the day we checked.StartStop, 2026
1,800 openings per yearAbout 1,800 openings for court reporters and simultaneous captioners are projected each year, on average, over the decade.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
Access to clinical datasets is heavily restricted because of patient privacy, which is why the PriMock57 authors built a public mock dataset.arXiv, 2022
AHDI describes the Registered Healthcare Documentation Specialist exam as a voluntary credentialing exam for people who want to become Registered Healthcare Documentation Specialists.Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity, Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity (AHDI), n.d.
AHDI describes the Registered Healthcare Documentation Specialist exam as a voluntary credentialing exam, so a medical transcriptionist can work without it.Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity, Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity (AHDI), n.d.
AHDI says that current Certified Medical Transcriptionists may skip the RHDS exam and sit for the CHDS exam directly.AHDI (Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity), n.d.
AHDI says that holding the RHDS is a requirement before a candidate can earn the CHDS, its second-level credential.AHDI (Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity), n.d.
AHDI says the practical portion of the RHDS exam puts more emphasis on critical thinking than on keyboarding, research or other technical skills.Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity, Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity (AHDI), n.d.
2 years of experienceAHDI's CHDS is for RHDS holders with a minimum of 2 years of experience in acute care transcription or a multi-specialty equivalent.AHDI (Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity), n.d.
5.8 percentAllied health clinicians in the 2025 Australian study reported that their productivity increased by an average of 5.8 percent while using an AI scribe.Kerrie Evans et al., Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 2025
Among 73 ICU nurses surveyed in Iran, paperwork reduction, performance improvement and cost reduction were the most common benefits they named for speech recognition.Fatemeh Dinari, Health Science Reports, 2023
$990 US dollars per user per yearAnother vendor's blog gives the Dragon Medical One price as $99 per user per month or $990 per user annually.Medesk (medical practice software vendor), 2026
Apple researchers report that end-to-end speech recognition still has a significant error rate for entity names that appear infrequently in its training data.Ernest Pusateri and et al. (nine authors in total), arXiv, 2024
Arkansas's Rule 1.6(c) requires a lawyer to make reasonable efforts to prevent inadvertent or unauthorized disclosure of, or unauthorized access to, information relating to a client's representation.Arkansas Supreme Court rules, as reproduced by courtrules.net, n.d.
500 wordsAt 100 words per minute for five minutes, the 2022 Delhi notice's English shorthand dictation runs to 500 words.Calculated from other facts
0.6 seconds per wordAt 100 words per minute, a candidate has 0.6 seconds for each word.Calculated from other facts
0.5 seconds per wordAt 120 words per minute, a candidate has half a second for each word.Calculated from other facts
25 weeksAt 2,000 dictated words per week on the free desktop plan, a 50,000-word draft would use the whole weekly allowance for 25 weeks.Calculated from other facts
3.4 hoursAt 52 words per minute on the keyboard and 153 by speech, ten hours of keyboard drafting produce the same words in about 3.4 hours of speaking, before any editing time.Calculated from other facts
1,250 to 1,500 wordsAt a normal speaking speed of 125 to 150 words per minute, a 10-minute spoken script is about 1,250 to 1,500 words.Calculated from other facts
1,400 to 1,800 wordsAt audiobook narration speeds of 140 to 180 words per minute, a 10-minute script is about 1,400 to 1,800 words.Calculated from other facts
9,180 words per hourAt the 153 words per minute that Ruan et al. measured for English speech input on a phone, one hour of continuous dictation would produce about 9,180 words.Calculated from other facts
$2,844 US dollars per user over three yearsAt the 3-year reseller rate of $79 per user per month, a clinician pays about $2,844 in subscription fees over three years, before the setup fee.Calculated from other facts
56 to 104 hoursAt the 480 to 900 words an hour of composing by speech, a 50,000-word draft would take about 56 to 104 hours of speaking, before any planning or editing time.Calculated from other facts
3,120 words per hourAt the 52 words per minute that Ruan et al. measured on a phone keyboard, one hour of continuous entry would produce about 3,120 words.Calculated from other facts
480 to 900 words per hourAt the 8 to 15 words per minute reported for composing by speech with earlier software, one hour of continuous composing would produce about 480 to 900 words.Calculated from other facts
19.4 minutesAt the average typing speed of 51.56 words per minute in the large online typing study, typing a finished 1,000-word answer takes about 19.4 minutes.Calculated from other facts
780 US dollars per yearAt the listed prices, twelve monthly payments of $65 for Dragon Legal Anywhere add up to $780, the same as the annual subscription.Calculated from other facts
376 US dollars per 10 hours typedAt the median software developer's hourly equivalent, the 5.75 net hours saved per 10 hours typed are worth about $376 of time.Calculated from other facts
7,500 to 9,000 words per hourAt the normal speaking rate of 125 to 150 words per minute, reading or dictating a prepared text would produce about 7,500 to 9,000 words in an hour of continuous speech.Calculated from other facts
965 wordsAt the overall speaking rate of John F. Kennedy's inaugural address, 96.5 words per minute, a 10-minute spoken script is about 965 words.Calculated from other facts
12.7 minutes saved per 1,000 wordsAt the study's 153 words per minute by speech and 52 on the keyboard, a 1,000-word draft takes about 6.5 minutes spoken and 19.2 minutes typed, a saving of about 12.7 minutes.Calculated from other facts
1.3 minutes saved per 100 wordsAt the study's speeds, 100 words take about 1.9 minutes to type on the phone keyboard and about 0.65 minutes to speak, so speech saves about 1.3 minutes per 100 words before any editing.Calculated from other facts
Banbury and Berry found no evidence that employees habituate to the office sounds they were asked about, so the distraction did not fade with exposure.Simon P. Banbury and Dylan C. Berry, Ergonomics, 2005
42,000 jobs, 2025BLS counted about 42,000 medical transcriptionist jobs in 2025.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
BLS expects all projected openings for medical transcriptionists to come from replacing workers who transfer to other occupations or leave the labor force.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
$19.43 US dollars per hour, median, May 2025BLS gives the median medical transcriptionist wage as $19.43 an hour, alongside the $40,410 annual figure.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
BLS lists reviewing and editing drafts prepared by speech recognition software among the usual duties of medical transcriptionists.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
BLS says employers may prefer to hire transcriptionists who have completed postsecondary education in medical transcription.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
BLS says medical transcription programs typically can be completed in less than one year, and associate's degree programs take longer.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
BLS says medical transcription programs typically include coursework in anatomy and physiology, medical terminology, laws relating to healthcare documentation, and English grammar and punctuation.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
BLS says medical transcriptionists may work from home, receiving dictation and submitting drafts electronically.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
BLS says medical transcriptionists must assess medical reports and correct inaccuracies and inconsistencies in finished drafts.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
BLS says most medical transcriptionists are full time, but part-time work is common.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
BLS says prospective medical transcriptionists must know basic medical terminology, anatomy and physiology, and rules of grammar.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
CMS asks therapists to document the total minutes of timed-code treatment for each treatment day, because those minutes determine the units that can be billed.Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Medicare Learning Network, 2025
CMS's FAQ says the 21st Century Cures Act lets a physician delegate electronic medical record documentation to a person performing a scribe function, provided the physician has signed and verified the documentation.Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, n.d.
2 or 3 yearsCompleting a court reporting program typically takes two or three years.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
Dragon Medical One is sold per user per month through resellers, and Nuance publishes no price for it.Voibe (reseller and speech-software vendor), 2026
31.11 percent of a 12-hour shiftEHR vendor time data from one academic health system showed that nurses' time in flowsheets averaged 31.11 percent of a 12-hour shift.Deborah Jacques et al., JMIR Nursing, 2025
Express Scribe's free practice files pair each practice audio file with a completed transcription, so you can check your own transcript against it.NCH Software, n.d.
45 minutesFor the Court Master (Shorthand) post, candidates have 45 minutes to transcribe the English shorthand dictation.Supreme Court of India, 2024
22 percentFor the heaviest email users, 8.8 hours of email is about 22 percent of a 40-hour working week.Calculated from other facts
100 words per minuteFor the Personal Assistant post in the Supreme Court's 2024 advertisement, the English shorthand requirement is 100 words per minute.Supreme Court of India, 2024
45 minutesFor the Personal Assistant post, the Supreme Court's 2024 advertisement sets the English shorthand test at 100 words per minute with 45 minutes to transcribe.Supreme Court of India, 2024
45 minutesFor the Senior Personal Assistant post, the Supreme Court's 2024 advertisement allows 45 minutes to transcribe the English shorthand dictation.Supreme Court of India, 2024
GMR Transcription says it does not take direct applications from transcriptionists and recruits from job boards and forums.GMR Transcription Services, Inc., 2026
16.8 hours per weekIf a marketing professional works a 40-hour week and spends 42 percent of it writing, that is about 16.8 hours of writing a week.Calculated from other facts
10.4 hours per weekIf a programmer works a 40-hour week and spends 26 percent of it writing, that is about 10.4 hours of writing a week.Calculated from other facts
5.8 hours saved per 10 hours typedIf correcting the dictated draft takes a quarter of the speaking time, 10 hours of keyboard writing save about 5.8 hours net.Calculated from other facts
0.3 hours saved per 10 hours typedIf correction took 65 percent of the dictation session, as in the 2001 study, 10 hours of keyboard writing would save only about 0.3 hours.Calculated from other facts
100 words per minuteIn 2016 the Press Gazette reported that a shorthand speed of 100 words per minute remained a requirement for NCTJ news students seeking the gold standard pass.Dominic Ponsford, Press Gazette, 2016
In a 2002 dissertation, postsecondary students with learning disabilities in written expression wrote significantly higher quality essays, at a faster rate, with continuous speech recognition than by keyboarding without help.Richard Conrad Snider, Virginia Tech (VTechWorks repository), 2002
In a 2003 randomized comparison, Mohr and colleagues concluded that speech recognition did not improve the productivity of secretaries or transcriptionists in the organization they studied.David N Mohr et al., Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2003
81% percent of participantsIn a 2014 experiment, walking raised the creativity scores of 81 percent of participants on the alternate uses test of divergent thinking.Marily Oppezzo and Daniel L. Schwartz, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
20.4 hours per weekIn a 2016 survey of 547 business people who write at least two hours a week for work, excluding email, respondents averaged 20.4 hours of writing per week.Josh Bernoff, WOBS LLC, 2016
5.9 hours of EHR time per weekdayIn a 2017 study of primary care physicians at one academic health system, clinicians spent 355 minutes, or 5.9 hours, of an 11.4-hour workday in the EHR on each weekday.Brian G. Arndt et al., Annals of Family Medicine, 2017
94.7 percent of reviewed notes free from significant errorsIn a 2024 pilot at UC Davis, 94.7 percent of the 356 AI-generated clinical notes that physicians reviewed were free from significant errors.Taylor SL et al., JMIR Medical Informatics, 2026
In a 2026 NPR report, a client learned partway through that her therapist had recorded a session with an AI note-taking tool without her consent, and she stopped seeing that therapist.Windsor Johnston, NPR, broadcast by HPPR, 2026
In a controlled experiment, people who were interrupted finished tasks sooner with no difference in quality, but they compensated by working faster and reported more stress, frustration, time pressure and effort.Gloria Mark et al., Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2008), 2008
3 errors in the audit, fewest of the three vendorsIn a Rochester Regional Health audit of three commercial scribes given identical simulated recordings, the vendor with the fewest errors had 3, against 8 and 9 for the other two.Weiss E et al., Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2026
15.0 percent reduction in documentation time per consultationIn a Singapore time-motion study, documentation time per consultation fell by 15.0 percent with an ambient scribe, an association found by comparing periods before and after its use.Tan JYE et al., JMIR Medical Informatics, 2026
In a small palliative medicine pilot, documentation time was significantly lower with an ambient AI scribe than with dictation for one of two residents, and showed no significant difference for the other.James Patterson et al., Healthcare (Basel), 2025
49 percentIn a survey of 1,004 UK journalists, 49 percent use AI for transcription or captioning at least monthly, the most frequent of the 31 journalistic tasks the survey asked about.Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford, 2025
56 percentIn a survey of 1,004 UK journalists, 56 percent use AI professionally at least once a week.Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford, 2025
45.2 percent of physicians with at least one burnout symptomIn a survey of US physicians, 45.2 percent reported at least one symptom of burnout in 2023, down from 62.8 percent in 2021.Tait D. Shanafelt et al., Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2025
28.1 percent of morning shiftIn a Western Australian hospital, observers found nurses and midwives spent 28.1 percent of morning shifts, 22.7 percent of afternoon shifts and 20.9 percent of night shifts on clinical documentation.Amanda L. Cooper et al., Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2021
99 percent of employees surveyedIn Banbury and Berry's 2005 field study, 99 percent of the employees surveyed said their concentration was impaired by components of office noise, especially ringing phones and background conversation.Simon P. Banbury and Dylan C. Berry, Ergonomics, 2005
In Begel's 2006 evaluation of a speech-based Java programming system, most expert Java developers had little trouble learning the system but found it slower than typing.Andrew Begel, EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley, Technical Report UCB/EECS-2006-8, 2006
In Experiment 2 of the 2014 walking study, participants who sat down after walking still showed a residual boost in creative scores.Marily Oppezzo and Daniel L. Schwartz, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
In Experiment 4 of the 2014 walking study, walking outside produced the most novel and highest quality analogies, compared with sitting inside, walking inside on a treadmill, or being rolled outside in a wheelchair.Marily Oppezzo and Daniel L. Schwartz, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
$55,950 US dollars per year, highest 10 percent, May 2025In May 2025 the highest 10 percent of medical transcriptionists earned more than $55,950 a year.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
$28,250 US dollars per year, lowest 10 percent, May 2025In May 2025 the lowest 10 percent of medical transcriptionists earned less than $28,250 a year.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
In New York State, anyone who uses the title Certified Shorthand Reporter must hold a state license, and the license requires applicants to be at least 21 years old, to meet education and examination requirements, and to meet experience requirements.New York State Education Department, Office of the Professions, 2026
3 years in junior secondary schoolIn Nigeria's current system, pupils spend three years in junior secondary school and three years in senior secondary school, after six years of primary school.Qosim Suleiman, Premium Times (Abuja), via AllAfrica, 2026
In the 1997 study, for students accustomed to writing on computer, responses written on computer scored substantially higher than responses written by hand.Michael Russell and Walt Haney, Education Policy Analysis Archives, 1997
0.5 standard deviations below the mean keyboarding speedIn the 1999 follow-up study, for students whose keyboarding speed was half a standard deviation below the mean, taking the tests on computer had a substantial negative effect.Michael Russell, Education Policy Analysis Archives, Volume 7, Number 20, 1999
In the 2007 AHIMA and MTIA visible black character method, spaces, carriage returns and hidden formatting such as bolding, underline and spell checking are not counted.AHIMA/MTIA Joint Task Force on Standards Development, American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) and Medical Transcription Industry Association (MTIA), 2007
1.8 hours per hour of face timeIn the 2016 time and motion study, 49.2 percent of the office day on EHR and desk work against 27.0 percent in face time works out at about 1.8 hours of EHR and desk work for every hour with patients.Calculated from other facts
100 words per minuteIn the 2022 Delhi International Arbitration Centre notice, the English shorthand test is dictated at 100 words per minute.High Court of Delhi (Delhi International Arbitration Centre), 2022
119 allied health clinicians surveyedIn the 2025 Australian mixed-methods study, 119 allied health clinicians completed the surveys on an AI scribe, along with 157 patients.Kerrie Evans et al., Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 2025
In the 2025 Australian study, allied health clinicians spent significantly less time on notes, letters and out-of-hours notes at 6 weeks and 3 months than at baseline.Kerrie Evans et al., Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 2025
In the 2025 Australian study, patients were comfortable consenting to an AI scribe in their own appointments, but some wanted more information about data storage and security before deciding.Kerrie Evans et al., Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 2025
In the Duke crossover trial, both scribe products reduced personal and work burnout scores, and the difference between the two products on burnout was not meaningful.Chowdhury A et al., Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2026
3.19 minutes per day in notes, product B compared with product AIn the Duke crossover trial, product B reduced time in notes by 3.19 more minutes per day than product A.Chowdhury A et al., Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2026
87.3 percent of standard-transcription productivityIn the endocrinology division of a 2003 randomized comparison, secretaries were 87.3 percent as productive with speech recognition as with standard transcription.David N Mohr et al., Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2003
8.3 minutes per visitIn the Epic data, physicians who mainly copied and pasted spent 8.3 more minutes per visit on notes than physicians who mainly used transcription and dictation.Calculated from other facts
70 words per minuteIn the High Court of Jharkhand's 2013 advertisement for English and Hindi stenographers, applicants for the Hindi stenographer post must reach 70 words per minute in shorthand and 35 words per minute in typing, with 10 percent permissible mistakes.High Court of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 2013
60 words per minuteIn the High Court of Jharkhand's Advertisement No. 03/Admn. Misc., 2013, with a closing date of 22 February 2014, the eligibility criteria set the Hindi stenographer's shorthand speed at 60 words per minute and typing at 25 words per minute.High Court of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 2014
42 percent of the work weekIn the NC State 2018 survey, marketing professionals reported spending an average of 42 percent of the total work week writing, the highest share of any field.Jason Swarts et al., Professional Writing Program, Department of English, North Carolina State University, 2018
26 percent of the work weekIn the NC State 2018 survey, programmers reported spending an average of 26 percent of the total work week writing, the lowest share of any field.Jason Swarts et al., Professional Writing Program, Department of English, North Carolina State University, 2018
30 to 40 percent of the work weekIn the NC State 2018 survey, the average share of the work week spent writing for the other professions fell between 30 and 40 percent.Jason Swarts et al., Professional Writing Program, Department of English, North Carolina State University, 2018
1.47 percent hallucination rateIn the npj Digital Medicine framework study, LLM-generated clinical notes had a hallucination rate of 1.47 percent, measured against clinician-annotated sentences.Asgari E et al., npj Digital Medicine, 2025
In the pre-computer newsroom, reporters on deadline would telephone in and dictate their notes to an editor, the origin of the cry 'Get me rewrite!'.Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, 2026
In the same 2002 dissertation, essay length did not differ significantly among the three ways of writing.Richard Conrad Snider, Virginia Tech (VTechWorks repository), 2002
23% percent of participantsIn the same 2014 experiment, walking raised the scores of only 23 percent of participants on the remote associates test of convergent thinking.Marily Oppezzo and Daniel L. Schwartz, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
In the same 2016 report, shorthand was no longer one of the mandatory skills modules of the NCTJ syllabus.Dominic Ponsford, Press Gazette, 2016
86 minutes in the EHR after clinic hours per weekdayIn the same 2017 study, primary care clinicians spent 269 minutes (4.5 hours) in the EHR during clinic hours and 86 minutes (1.4 hours) after clinic hours on each weekday.Brian G. Arndt et al., Annals of Family Medicine, 2017
20 minutesIn the same experiment, people reported significantly higher stress, frustration, workload, effort and time pressure after only 20 minutes of interrupted performance.Gloria Mark et al., Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2008), 2008
3.45 percent omission rateIn the same npj Digital Medicine study, LLM-generated clinical notes had an omission rate of 3.45 percent, meaning clinically relevant content from the visit was left out.Asgari E et al., npj Digital Medicine, 2025
55 minutesIn the Staff Selection Commission's 2016 Grade C stenography test, candidates get 10 minutes of dictation in English and 10 in Hindi, then 40 minutes to transcribe the English passage and 55 minutes to transcribe the Hindi passage.Staff Selection Commission (Eastern Region), Kolkata, 2016
50 percentIn the Supreme Court's grading table, a transcript with no mistakes scores 100 percent, and one with up to 5 percent mistakes scores 50 percent.Supreme Court of India, 2024
5.3 percent of reviewed notes with a serious or imminent-risk errorIn the UC Davis pilot, 19 of the 356 reviewed notes (5.3 percent) contained an error that physicians rated as posing serious or imminent risk if it was not corrected.Taylor SL et al., JMIR Medical Informatics, 2026
9.3 percent of reviewed notes with an accidental inclusionIn the UC Davis pilot, accidental inclusions, meaning content from the visit that does not belong in the note, appeared in 9.3 percent of the 356 reviewed notes.Taylor SL et al., JMIR Medical Informatics, 2026
18 percent of reviewed notes with an accidental omissionIn the UC Davis pilot, accidental omissions were the most frequent error, in 18 percent of the 356 reviewed notes, ahead of hallucinations at 11.5 percent and accidental inclusions at 9.3 percent.Taylor SL et al., JMIR Medical Informatics, 2026
11.5 percent of reviewed notes with a hallucinationIn the UC Davis pilot, hallucinations, meaning content the recording did not support, appeared in 11.5 percent of the 356 reviewed notes, the second most common error after omissions.Taylor SL et al., JMIR Medical Informatics, 2026
In the UCLA randomized trial of two AI scribes, physicians rated clinically significant inaccuracies as occurring occasionally, for both products, on a five-point scale.Lukac PJ et al., NEJM AI, 2025
In the UCLA randomized trial, physicians said clinically significant inaccuracies in the AI scribe notes occurred occasionally.Lukac PJ et al., NEJM AI, 2025
-0.44 points on a five-point scale (work exhaustion and disengagement)In the Wisconsin randomized trial, ambient AI use reduced work exhaustion and interpersonal disengagement by 0.44 points on a five-point scale.Afshar M et al., NEJM AI, 2025
-0.36 hours per day on notesIn the Wisconsin randomized trial, time spent on notes fell by 0.36 hours per day with ambient AI use, a secondary measure.Afshar M et al., NEJM AI, 2025
In Word for the web, you start dictation from the Home tab, which requires a Microsoft 365 sign-in and a microphone.Microsoft Support, 2026
Many US states require court reporters and simultaneous captioners to be licensed or certified, and the certifying body is often a professional association.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
2.00 dollars per pageMaricopa County's court reporting and transcription contract sets a deposition transcript fee of $2.00 per page for the original and one copy, with regular delivery within 10 calendar days.Maricopa County Office of Procurement Services, 2025
10 treatment daysMedicare outpatient therapy progress reports must be written at least once every 10 treatment days and must carry the provider's signature, professional identification and date.Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Medicare Learning Network, 2025
Medicare's hospital medical record rules require the record to contain a discharge summary with the outcome of the hospitalization, the disposition of the case and provisions for follow-up care.Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (text of the Code of Federal Regulations), n.d.
24 hours after admissionMedicare's hospital rules require the medical history and physical examination to be completed and documented no more than 30 days before, or 24 hours after, admission, and before surgery or a procedure that needs anesthesia.Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (text of the Code of Federal Regulations), n.d.
Medicare's hospital surgical services rules require an operative report describing the techniques, findings and tissues removed or altered, written or dictated immediately after surgery and signed by the surgeon.Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (text of the Code of Federal Regulations), n.d.
Medicare's WPS guideline says that in evaluation and management services, a scribe does not act independently and simply documents the physician's dictation and activities during the visit.WPS Medicare Part B, WPS Medicare Part B (Medicare Administrative Contractor), hosted by the American College of Emergency Physicians, 2009
Microsoft says to type ASCII character codes with the numeric keypad and Num Lock on, not the number row across the top of the keyboard.Microsoft Support, 2026
8.8 hours per weekMicrosoft's 2023 Work Trend Index found that the heaviest email users, the top 25 percent of its Microsoft 365 users, spend 8.8 hours a week on email.The Register, 2023
Microsoft's Dictate in Word command table has a Mathematics group that maps spoken phrases such as plus sign, minus sign, multiplication sign, division sign and equal sign to their symbols.Microsoft, 2026
Microsoft's Dragon Medical One quick reference says that saying make that an auto-text turns the selected text into an auto-text template.Microsoft, Microsoft Support, n.d.
Microsoft's symbol table for Dictate in Word pairs the spoken phrase "section sign" with the § character, and "paragraph sign/mark" with ¶.Microsoft, 2026
Microsoft's table of legal symbols in Word lists the section sign (§) as ALT+0167.Microsoft Support, 2026
MTSamples says its reports are user-contributed reference examples that are not guaranteed to be complete or error free, and that you may print, share or link to them for educational purposes.MTSamples, 2026
NCH Software describes the choice between keyboard hot keys and a supported transcribing pedal as the two ways to run Express Scribe's audio playback.NCH Software, NCH Software, n.d.
NCH Software says its Express Scribe transcription program uses hot keys or a foot pedal to control audio playback, so a typist can run playback from the keyboard with no pedal at all.NCH Software, NCH Software, n.d.
NIH revised its peer reviewer confidentiality agreements in 2023 so that reviewers may not use AI tools to analyze or critique grant applications, because that use breaks NIH's confidentiality requirements.SSTI, 2023
Nuance's 2025.1 installation guide says Dragon Professional Anywhere is a native Windows app that cannot be installed and used directly on a macOS computer.Nuance Communications, 2025
Nuance's end-user training guide says Dragon Legal Group is built with a specialized legal vocabulary for client and case documentation.Nuance Communications, 2021
Nuance's training guide says Dragon Professional Anywhere needs no speech profile training, so it is ready to use straight away.Nuance Communications, 2021
50.4 percent of morning shift (self-reported)Nurses and midwives reported spending 50.4 percent of morning shifts on documentation, far above the 28.1 percent that observers measured.Amanda L. Cooper et al., Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2021
631 to 875 manual flowsheet entries per 12-hour shiftOn acute care units at one academic center in 2017, nurses made between 631 and 875 manual flowsheet data entries per 12-hour shift, excluding device data.Sarah A. Collins et al., AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 2018
22.3 percentage pointsOn morning shifts, nurses and midwives reported about 22.3 percentage points more documentation time than observers measured.Calculated from other facts
36 percentage pointsOn the authors' own benchmark of spoken equations, their models beat the MathSpeech model by more than 36 percentage points.arXiv, 2025
28 percent character error rateOn the existing MathSpeech equation benchmark, the authors' models reached a character error rate of 28 percent, against 30 percent for the MathSpeech model, which the authors call comparable.arXiv, 2025
On Windows, you start voice typing by pressing the Windows key and H together on a hardware keyboard.Microsoft, 2026
$1,188 US dollars per user per yearPaying the one-year reseller rate of $99 per user per month for twelve months comes to $1,188 per user, more than the $990 annual figure another vendor quotes.Calculated from other facts
Philips describes Dragon Medical One as cloud-based clinical speech recognition for documenting care in the electronic patient record and beyond.Philips Speech, 2026
Philips says Dragon Medical One requires no voice profile training, because a single cloud-based profile is set up automatically at first use.Philips Speech, 2026
December 31, 2021 datePhilips says Nuance's Dragon Medical Practice Edition reached end of life on December 31, 2021, after which it no longer received updates and was not compatible with new operating systems.Philips Speech, 2026
Philips says the SpeechMike Premium Touch has a decoupled studio-quality microphone and a built-in noise reduction filter, which it claims gives the most accurate speech recognition results.Philips Speech, 2026
PriMock57 is a public dataset of mocked primary care consultations, with audio recordings, manual utterance-level transcriptions and consultation notes.arXiv, 2022
$79 to $99 US dollars per user per monthResellers quote Dragon Medical One at about $99 per user per month on a 1-year term, $89 on a 2-year term and $79 on a 3-year term.Voibe (reseller and speech-software vendor), 2026
Salon reported in 2015 that Terry Pratchett completed the 40th Discworld book with the help of dictation and speech recognition software, after an Alzheimer's diagnosis.Salon staff, Salon, 2015
San Jose State University's Accessible Education Center policy lists falsification of prescribed accommodations as a form of academic dishonesty.San Jose State University, Accessible Education Center, San Jose State University, 2021
$1.00 to $1.50 US dollars per pageScopists are typically paid by the page, starting from $1.00 to $1.50 per page.Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, n.d.
Seton Hall Law says its Examplify exam software prevents students from using prohibited sources during an exam by locking out access to files, programs and the Internet.Seton Hall University School of Law, n.d.
Seton Hall Law's policy says that if a student's laptop fails during an exam, the student must finish the answer by hand, and no extra time is allowed for computer problems.Seton Hall University School of Law, n.d.
Shorthand training often uses structured dictation practice to improve writing speed and listening accuracy.Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, n.d.
24.9 hours saved per monthSomeone who types 10 hours of finished text a week, and spends a quarter of the speaking time on editing, saves a net 24.9 hours a month by dictating.Calculated from other facts
15.2 minutesSpeaking rather than typing the example 1,200 words of replies saves about 15 minutes, when the text is already composed.Calculated from other facts
3.4 hoursTen hours of keyboard writing at 52 words per minute would take about 3.4 hours to enter by speech at 153 words per minute, before editing.Calculated from other facts
6.6 hours saved per 10 hours typedTen hours of keyboard writing would take about 6.6 hours less to enter by speech than by typing, before any correction time.Calculated from other facts
20,000 wordsTerry Pratchett left more than 20,000 words toward his autobiography, all of them dictated to his assistant, Rob Wilkins.Rob Wilkins, Los Angeles Public Library, 2023
TESDA's training regulations define the Medical Transcription NC II qualification as the competencies needed to transcribe dictated recordings made by physicians and other health care professionals.TESDA (Technical Education and Skills Development Authority), Philippines, 2004
February 2004 promulgation dateTESDA's training regulations for Medical Transcription NC II were promulgated in February 2004.TESDA (Technical Education and Skills Development Authority), Philippines, 2004
40 minutesThe 2022 Delhi International Arbitration Centre notice allows 40 minutes to transcribe the shorthand dictation, with no extra time for reading the passage.High Court of Delhi (Delhi International Arbitration Centre), 2022
4 marksThe 2022 Delhi International Arbitration Centre notice deducts four marks for each full mistake in the shorthand test.High Court of Delhi (Delhi International Arbitration Centre), 2022
15 mistakesThe 2022 Delhi International Arbitration Centre notice permits fifteen mistakes in the shorthand test, which it sets at 3 percent of the words dictated.High Court of Delhi (Delhi International Arbitration Centre), 2022
5 minutesThe 2022 Delhi International Arbitration Centre shorthand test is dictated for five minutes.High Court of Delhi (Delhi International Arbitration Centre), 2022
8 timesThe 2022 Delhi notice allows eight minutes to transcribe for each minute of dictation.Calculated from other facts
The 2022 study reports that adding an in-domain language model and common legal phrases to a generic speech model can improve its word error rate on court hearings.Hadeel Saadany et al., arXiv (Cornell University), 2022
73 nurses surveyedThe 2023 study of speech recognition in nursing reports reached 73 ICU nurses at three teaching hospitals in Mashhad, Iran.Fatemeh Dinari, Health Science Reports, 2023
15 percent (upper figure)The 2024 nursing review concludes that speech recognition, especially when combined with artificial intelligence, can speed up documentation by up to 15 percent.Sally Newton-Mason et al., Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 2024
The 2024 update to the JCQ guidance on artificial intelligence in assessments added real-life malpractice examples of AI use that was not referenced properly.AQA (summarizing the Joint Council for Qualifications), 2024
16 percentThe 60 words per minute minimum in the 2025 scribe posting is about 16 percent faster than the 51.56 words per minute average of the large online typing study.Calculated from other facts
157 questionsThe AAERT knowledge examination for the Certified Electronic Transcriber (CET) has 157 questions, and a candidate needs 80 percent or higher to pass.American Association of Electronic Reporters and Transcribers (AAERT), 2026
275 US dollarsThe AAERT registration fee for the Certified Electronic Transcriber (CET) is $275, and that fee covers both the knowledge exam and the practical exam.American Association of Electronic Reporters and Transcribers (AAERT), 2026
The AHIMA and MTIA 2007 report says that the 65-character line counted all letters, numbers, symbols and formatting codes used to produce a document.AHIMA/MTIA Joint Task Force on Standards Development, American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) and Medical Transcription Industry Association (MTIA), 2007
The AHIMA and MTIA task force compared six measurement standards for transcription work, including the 65-character line, gross line, gross page and per-minute pricing, before it proposed visible black characters.AHIMA/MTIA Joint Task Force on Standards Development, American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) and Medical Transcription Industry Association (MTIA), 2007
The AHIMA and MTIA task force concluded that visible black characters were the only counting method that could be easily understood, verified and replicated by all parties.AHIMA/MTIA Joint Task Force on Standards Development, American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) and Medical Transcription Industry Association (MTIA), 2007
The authors of a 2020 comparative analysis of in-depth interviews, with and without voice recorders, suggest that in some circumstances not recording is the best approach.Rwamahe Rutakumwa et al., Qualitative Research, 2020
The authors of a 2022 study on UK Supreme Court hearings report that adapting a generic speech model can avoid critical errors specific to legal jargon and terminology used in British courts.Hadeel Saadany et al., arXiv (Cornell University), 2022
The authors of the palliative medicine pilot state that, because of its small sample size and short study duration, the study is insufficiently powered to draw conclusions about AI scribe benefits in real-world contexts.James Patterson et al., Healthcare (Basel), 2025
The BLS expects transcription generated by artificial intelligence tools to dampen employment demand for court reporters and simultaneous captioners.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
$50,980 US dollars per year, all occupations, May 2025The BLS median annual wage for all occupations in the US economy was $50,980 in May 2025.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
The BLS projects that employment of court reporters and simultaneous captioners will show little or no change from 2025 to 2035.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
The BLS says advances in speech recognition and natural language processing let physicians document patient encounters in real time, reducing the need for medical transcriptionists.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
180 minutesThe CET practical examination allows 180 minutes to complete the transcript.American Association of Electronic Reporters and Transcribers (AAERT), 2026
10-20 pagesThe CET practical examination asks for a transcript of about 10 to 20 pages in the federal format, with a title page, an index page and a certification page.American Association of Electronic Reporters and Transcribers (AAERT), 2026
The Collins English Dictionary defines a copytaker, a term used in newspaper offices, as a person employed to type reports as journalists dictate them over the telephone.HarperCollins Publishers, Collins English Dictionary, reproduced on Dictionary.com, 2012
The comment to Arkansas's Rule 1.6 lists factors for judging reasonable efforts, including the sensitivity of the information, the likelihood of disclosure without extra safeguards, and the cost and difficulty of those safeguards.Arkansas Supreme Court rules, as reproduced by courtrules.net, n.d.
40 minutesThe Delhi High Court's 2024 Senior Personal Assistant test allows 40 minutes to transcribe the dictated passage on computers.High Court of Delhi, 2024
4 percentThe Delhi High Court's 2024 Senior Personal Assistant test allows mistakes up to 4 percent of the words dictated.High Court of Delhi, 2024
2 marksThe Delhi High Court's 2024 Senior Personal Assistant test deducts two marks for each full mistake in the shorthand test.High Court of Delhi, 2024
550 wordsThe Delhi High Court's 2024 Senior Personal Assistant test dictates a passage of 550 words.High Court of Delhi, 2024
110 words per minuteThe Delhi High Court's 2024 vacancy notice for Senior Personal Assistant requires English shorthand at 110 words per minute.High Court of Delhi, 2024
The eCQI Resource Center glossary defines an electronic health record as a digital record of a patient's health information, created over time from one or more visits and across care settings.eCQI Resource Center, eCQI Resource Center (HHS, healthit.gov subdomain), 2026
The eCQI Resource Center glossary says the electronic health record is also called an electronic patient record, an electronic medical record, or a computerized patient record.eCQI Resource Center, eCQI Resource Center (HHS, healthit.gov subdomain), 2026
12,999 clinician-annotated sentencesThe error metrics in the npj Digital Medicine framework study were derived from 18 experimental configurations and 12,999 clinician-annotated sentences.Asgari E et al., npj Digital Medicine, 2025
63 characters per lineThe federal format sets the type at 10 letters to the inch, which gives about 63 characters on each line.Judicial Conference of the United States (Guide to Judiciary Policy), copy hosted by a federal district court, 2013
The free version of Express Scribe supports common audio formats, including wav, mp3, wma, aif and dct, and the page says it does not expire.NCH Software, n.d.
130,560 dollars per yearThe highest 10 percent of court reporters and simultaneous captioners earned more than $130,560 a year in May 2025.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
The Hong Kong Education Bureau's dictation handbook says dictation is an activity that helps learners develop phonological awareness and phonics skills, listening skills and writing skills.Hong Kong Education Bureau, Hong Kong Education Bureau, English Language Education, n.d.
The Hong Kong Education Bureau's dictation handbook says dictation is more than a testing device and is a useful tool for teachers to understand learning progress.Hong Kong Education Bureau, Hong Kong Education Bureau, English Language Education, n.d.
The Latin phrase a fortiori is an argument from a stronger reason: if one fact is true, a related fact that is included in it must also be true.Wikipedia, n.d.
42,130 dollars per yearThe lowest 10 percent of court reporters and simultaneous captioners earned less than $42,130 a year in May 2025.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
The mathfly-talon project describes its Talon scripts as made for dictating mathematics into editors such as LyX and Scientific Notebook 5.5.mirober, GitHub, 2025
72,420 dollars per yearThe median annual wage for court reporters and simultaneous captioners was $72,420 in May 2025.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
$10,570 US dollars per yearThe median annual wage for medical transcriptionists was $10,570 below the median for all occupations in May 2025.Calculated from other facts
65.38 US dollars per hourThe median software developer's annual pay of $135,980 is about $65.38 an hour, assuming 2,080 paid hours a year.Calculated from other facts
5,043 sample reportsThe MTSamples home page lists 5,043 medical transcription samples across 40 specialties.MTSamples, 2026
The NC State 2018 survey's writing-time figures are averages of what respondents said about their own writing time, not measurements.Jason Swarts et al., Professional Writing Program, Department of English, North Carolina State University, 2018
5 percentThe Personal Assistant shorthand test in the Supreme Court's 2024 advertisement allows a maximum of 5 percent mistakes.Supreme Court of India, 2024
The reseller's page for Dragon Legal Anywhere says the product's legal vocabulary enables automatic formatting of legal citations.StartStop, a US reseller of Nuance dictation products, 2026
120 questionsThe RHDS exam has 120 questions in three formats: multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blank transcription against audio, and SRT editing against audio.Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity, Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity (AHDI), n.d.
7.8 minutesThe same 1,200 words of email replies take about 7.8 minutes to speak at 153 words per minute, the English speech rate in the Ruan study.Calculated from other facts
3.50 dollars per pageThe same Maricopa County contract sets a rush deposition transcript at $3.50 per page, delivered within one working day.Maricopa County Office of Procurement Services, 2025
The seller says that Legal Dictations Vol. I is supported by high definition audio CDs for self-learners.Dr. G. D. Bist, Stenoforall (online seller of steno books in India), n.d.
160 to 180 words per minuteThe seller says the Bist steno material is meant to take learners from basic to expert level, from 50 to 160 or 180 words per minute, in English or Hindi.Dr. G. D. Bist, Stenoforall (online seller of steno books in India), n.d.
The seller's description says the Legal Dictation book by Dr. G. D. Bist contains judgements on all types of civil or criminal cases under the Indian Penal Code or the Code of Criminal Procedure, and legal debates on laws passed by Parliament.Dr. G. D. Bist, Stenoforall (online seller of steno books in India), n.d.
3 percentThe Senior Personal Assistant and Personal Assistant posts in the Supreme Court's 2024 advertisement require 40 words per minute of computer typing, with 3 percent mistakes allowed.Supreme Court of India, 2024
5 percentThe Senior Personal Assistant shorthand test in the Supreme Court's 2024 advertisement allows a maximum of 5 percent mistakes.Supreme Court of India, 2024
The SMOG index that Whalen uses measures the length of sentences and the number of long, multisyllabic words.Ryan Whalen, Yale Law Journal Forum, 2015
The Society of Professional Journalists says that neither speed nor format excuses inaccuracy.Society of Professional Journalists, Society of Professional Journalists, n.d.
The Society of Professional Journalists tells journalists to consider sources' motives before promising anonymity.Society of Professional Journalists, Society of Professional Journalists, n.d.
The Society of Professional Journalists tells journalists to take responsibility for the accuracy of their work and to verify information before releasing it.Society of Professional Journalists, Society of Professional Journalists, n.d.
The Staff Selection Commission's 2016 stenography test in Hindi is conducted using Mangal font and a Remington or Inscript keyboard.Staff Selection Commission (Eastern Region), Kolkata, 2016
The State Bar of California says the NextGen Uniform Bar Exam is a computer-based test taken on applicants' laptops.The State Bar of California, n.d.
50 years before 2023, approximatelyThe StatPearls article says Larry Weed developed the widely adopted SOAP note structure almost 50 years before its 2023 update.Vivek Podder et al., StatPearls Publishing (NCBI Bookshelf), 2023
The StatPearls reference article on SOAP notes says the subjective, objective, assessment and plan note is a widely used documentation method for clinicians.Vivek Podder et al., StatPearls Publishing (NCBI Bookshelf), 2023
120 words per minuteThe Supreme Court's 2024 advertisement for Court Master (Shorthand) sets the English shorthand test at 120 words per minute.Supreme Court of India, 2024
The Supreme Court's 2024 advertisement requires a law degree from a recognized university in India for the Court Master (Shorthand) post.Supreme Court of India, 2024
120 words per minuteThe Supreme Court's 2024 advertisement requires Court Master (Shorthand) candidates to show proficiency in shorthand in English at 120 words per minute.Supreme Court of India, 2024
40 words per minuteThe Supreme Court's Court Master post also requires a computer typing speed of 40 words per minute, with 2 percent mistakes allowed.Supreme Court of India, 2024
110 words per minuteThe Supreme Court's Senior Personal Assistant test in the same advertisement is set at 110 words per minute.Supreme Court of India, 2024
5 percentThe Supreme Court's shorthand test allows a maximum of 5 percent mistakes, measured against the words dictated.Supreme Court of India, 2024
The UCLA randomized trial of two AI scribes concluded that both products resulted in potential improvements in burnout, task load and work exhaustion, but that these secondary findings need confirmation in larger, multicenter trials.Lukac PJ et al., NEJM AI, 2025
The University of Birmingham's 2019 to 2020 guidance on transcription and translation tools says teaching staff may prohibit the tools in some learning activities when they consider it necessary to protect academic integrity.University of Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Registry, Legislation, 2019
The University of Sheffield library describes Dragon NaturallySpeaking as able to dictate into a digital recorder and transcribe the recording later.University of Sheffield Library, n.d.
66 health care practitioners randomizedThe University of Wisconsin trial randomly assigned 66 health care practitioners to three 6-week sequences of ambient AI.Afshar M et al., NEJM AI, 2025
135,980 US dollars per yearThe US Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the median annual wage for software developers was $135,980 in May 2025.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2025
The US Bureau of Labor Statistics says medical transcriptionists listen to the recorded dictation of physicians and other healthcare workers and transcribe it into medical reports.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025
50,000 wordsThe Wikipedia article on the novella, quoting a 2018 article in The Writer, says a novella tops out at 50,000 words, which is the minimum length for a short novel.Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, n.d.
19 to 35 percent of nursing practice timeTime-motion studies cited by Collins and colleagues report that nurses spend between 19 and 35 percent of nursing practice time documenting care.Sarah A. Collins et al., AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 2018
To earn the CET, a candidate must pass an online multiple-choice knowledge examination and produce a transcript from a digitally recorded proceeding in a practical examination.American Association of Electronic Reporters and Transcribers (AAERT), 2026
20 continuing education creditsTo recertify the RHDS credential, a holder must earn 20 continuing education credits (CECs).Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity, Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity (AHDI), n.d.
To sit for an AAERT exam, a candidate must be eligible for a notary public commission and have a high school diploma or its equivalent.American Association of Electronic Reporters and Transcribers (AAERT), 2026
Under federal law, each session of a federal court is recorded verbatim, by shorthand, mechanical means, electronic sound recording or any other method the Judicial Conference approves.Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (text of the United States Code), n.d.
Under HIPAA, a business associate is a person who, other than as a member of the covered entity's workforce, creates, receives, maintains or transmits protected health information.Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (text of the Code of Federal Regulations), n.d.
25 lines per pageUnder the federal transcript format, each page of transcription must contain 25 lines of text.Judicial Conference of the United States (Guide to Judiciary Policy), copy hosted by a federal district court, 2013
Under the federal transcript format, lines of transcript text are double spaced.Judicial Conference of the United States (Guide to Judiciary Policy), copy hosted by a federal district court, 2013
1-3/4 inch left marginUnder the federal transcript format, typing begins at a 1-3/4 inch left margin and runs to a 3/8 inch right margin.Judicial Conference of the United States (Guide to Judiciary Policy), copy hosted by a federal district court, 2013
Under the HIPAA Privacy Rule, a covered entity does not have to obtain satisfactory assurances itself from a business associate's subcontractor. The business associate must obtain those assurances from the subcontractor.Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, 2026
Under the HIPAA Privacy Rule, psychotherapy notes are notes a mental health professional makes about a counseling conversation, and they must be separated from the rest of the individual's medical record.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, 2024
4.40 dollars per original pageUnder the Judicial Conference maximum rates effective October 1, 2024, an ordinary 30-day transcript may be charged at $4.40 per original page, with $1.10 for the first copy to each party and $0.75 for each additional copy.U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of New York, 2024
Under the WPS guideline, the physician co-signs a scribed note to indicate that it is an accurate record of both the physician's words and actions during the visit.WPS Medicare Part B, WPS Medicare Part B (Medicare Administrative Contractor), hosted by the American College of Emergency Physicians, 2009
Verbit says freelance legal transcribers edit AI-generated legal depositions, hearings, trials and other legal recordings on its platform.Verbit, 2026
Verbit says its freelance legal transcriber role is an independent contractor position.Verbit, 2026
Verbit says pay for its freelance legal transcriber role is set per audio minute or per page, as is standard for the industry, and the posting gives no amount.Verbit, 2026
30 percent increase, as listed by the companyVeritext says AAERT-certified transcriptionists are paid at increased rates, which the page lists as 30 percent.Veritext, 2026
Veritext says it is especially looking for legal transcriptionists, and that it has an entry route for people who are new to the work.Veritext, 2026
Weiss describes back-end transcription as a process in which a transcriptionist listens to an audio file while viewing the text and makes corrections.David L. Weiss, Applied Radiology, 2008
Weiss describes one way to use speech recognition as having radiologists dictate, edit, correct and sign their own reports.David L. Weiss, Applied Radiology, 2008
Whalen finds that legal writing at the U.S. Supreme Court has become more complex and harder to read in recent decades.Ryan Whalen, Yale Law Journal Forum, 2015
6206 opinionsWhalen's readability study covers 6,206 U.S. Supreme Court opinions, taken from the CourtListener archive.Ryan Whalen, Yale Law Journal Forum, 2015
66 percent of keyboard timeWhen the same text is entered, speech at 153 words per minute takes about two-thirds less time than typing at 52 words per minute. Both rates include correcting errors during entry, so the saving does not include editing the draft afterwards.Calculated from other facts
Wikipedia's list of legal Latin covers terms that are wholly or substantially drawn from Latin, or are anglicized Law Latin.Wikipedia, n.d.
Windows voice typing needs an internet connection, a working microphone and the cursor in a text box before it will type what you say.Microsoft, 2026
Zotero says most word processors let you assign keyboard shortcuts to the commands in its word processor toolbar, such as add citation and edit citation, and that the steps depend on the program.Zotero Documentation, n.d.
Zotero's steps for Word for Windows use Ctrl+Alt+A as the example shortcut for adding a new citation.Zotero Documentation, n.d.