Fact · Dictation
Kraal and colleagues say novice dictation users keep correcting errors by voice, which shows an incorrect mental model of dictation.
Checked against its source on October 16, 2026
In the source's own words
“The tendency of novice users to persist with spoken error correction illustrates that novices have an incorrect mental model of dictation”
Improving the user interface of dictation software, Ben Kraal et al., Proceedings of the 9th Australian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology, Melbourne, 2002, 2002, Abstract.
Open the original- What it measures
- The authors describe novices treating dictation as they treat typing, where a fix is made by the keyboard.
- What it does not show
- A conference design paper that interprets earlier observations. It is an argument from observation, not a controlled test of the mental model.